1. Hardware Architecture
Contd…

2. MEMORY ROM: For BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
CMOS RAM: Battery-backed memory used to store system specific parameters required by the system BIOS to boot. It also stores the system clock information.
RAM: Dynamic RAM and used for storing Data and programs which disappear after task completed or power turned off
Size: 2 - 4GB for Desktops, 2 – 4 GB per Core for Servers
Speed: 1333MHz, 1600 MHz ..
Type: DDR3/4 SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
Packaging: DIMM, SIMM…
Cache: Static RAM attached to the CPU and used for storing current data. L1, L2, L3 Cache

3. Hard Disk
HARD DISK
Magnetic storage device. It stores data by magnetizing particles on a disk.
Used to store operating system, application software, utilities and data.
Metal, plastic, or glass platter(s)
2 magnetic surfaces/platter
1 or more platters per spindle
7,200 – 15,000 rpm
1 head/platter
Head(s) move in and out
Inside a Hard Disc Drive

4. HOW DATA IS ORGANIZED ON DISK
Hard Disk
HOW DATA IS ORGANIZED ON DISK
Tracks-
Circular areas of the disk
Length of a track one circumference of disk
Over 1000 on a hard disk
Data first written to outer most track
Sectors-
Divides tracks sections
Cylinders-
Logical groupings of the same track on each disk surface in a disk unit
Clusters-
Groups of sectors used by operating system
64 sectors in one cluster
Data stored in blocks (pages) of .5 to 8 KB

5. Hard Disk
HARD DISK
IDE: Obsolete, also called PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment ), I/O Rate: 16 MB/s originally later 33, 66, 100 and 133 MB/s ,
SATA (Serial ATA): Used in Desktops/Laptops, I/O Rate: /3/6/8/16 Gbps, 7200 RPM
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface ): Obsolete, Used in Servers, 10/15K RPM, I/O Rate: 160/320/640 MB/s
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI ): Used in Servers, 10/15K RPM, I/O Rate: 3, 6,12 Gbps
FC (Fiber Channel): I/O Rate 4, 8, 16 Gbps, Expensive and used in Storage
iSCSI: I/O Rate 4 Gbps, uses TCP/IP, Expensive and used in Storage
Solid State Drive: Non-volatile flash memory , I/O Rate 100
MB/s to several GB/s

6. Hard Disk
HARD DISK FORMATTING
Low-level format- organizes both sides of each platter into tracks and sectors to define where items will be stored on the disk.
Partitioning: divide hard disk into separate areas called partitions; each partition functions as if it were a separate hard disk drive.
High-level format: defines the file allocation table (FAT) for each partition, which is a table of information used to locate files on the disk.

7. Mother Board
MOTHER BOARD
Holds CPU, Memory, I/O chips, PCI bays, etc

8. MOTHER BOARD Modern motherboards include, at a minimum: Mother Board
Sockets in which one or more processors are installed
Slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
A chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS
A clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
Slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards

9. MOTHER BOARD Mother Board
Connectors to support commonly-used input devices, such as USB connectors for a mouse and keyboard.
Minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Typically video and network interface hardware is also integrated into the motherboard
I/O ports like Serial, Parallel and USB and their associated driver chips
Disk controller, typically SATA disk controller, for Hard Disk and CD/DVD Drives, SAS disk controller
Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.
Identifying Computer Parts

10. BUS
System BUS
Bus: Transports data between the CPU, Memory and I/O devices
Multi-Bus Architecture

11. CD/DVD Drive CD (Compact Disk) DVD (Digital Video Disk) Blu Ray CD/DVD
Capacity is 700 to 800 MB
Optical storage device. Data is read from CD by a laser.
Stores data as light and dark spots on the disk surface.
They have an unlimited life-span.
RO, R & RW CDs
I/O Rate is Nx where 1x is 150KB/s, Read & Write speeds are not same, upto 52x speeds available
DVD  (Digital Video Disk)
4.7 – 17 GB
RO, R & RW DVDs
I/O Rate is Nx where 1x is 1.35MB/s, Read & Write speeds are not same, upto 24x speeds available
Blu Ray
Upto 128 GB (25, 50, 100, 128)
Uses Blue Laser
I/O Rate 4.5 MB/s to 54 MB/s

12. Adaptors (Expansion Cards)
Adapters
Adaptors (Expansion Cards)
Use PCI Bus - Peripheral Components Interconnect (64bit, Data Transfer Rate: 133 MB/s)
Mini PCI – used in laptops, 32/64 Bit, 33 MHz
PCI Express – Replacing PCI, 32/64 Bit, Data Transfer Rate: 8 GB/s
Adapters (Often Integrated on Motherboard)
Video (HD Graphics card)
Sound
Network Interface Card (NIC) (10G HBA card)
Modem
TV Tuner

13. Power Supply SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
AC mains input is converted to DC voltage which feeds the Motherboard, drives and other devices.
ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)
Generally watts

14. DISPAY CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Electron Gun & Florescent Screen
Single Gun for Monochrome and 3 Guns for Colour Screen
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
About blocking light when not needed
TFT LCD (Thin Film Transistor LCD)
19” in Desktop and 15” in Laptops
Power Consumption
CRT – 110 watt
LCD – watt
Colour Depth: 65,000 colours, million colours
Resolution: 1024x768, 1280x1024, x1200

15. KEYBOARD 101-key Enhanced keyboard
104-key Windows keyboard, 3 more keys.
Press the Key - Detect the position on the key matrix (16 bytes)

16. MOUSE Mechanical Optical IntelliMouse
Use two rollers (one vertical and one horizontal) to track motion
Rolled by the Track ball
Optical
Use a tiny camera to tracking the motion
LED (red light beamer)
IntelliMouse
Extra wheel

17. Network Interface 10/100/1000 Integrated Ethernet Network Interface
NIC
Network Interface
10/100/1000 Integrated Ethernet Network Interface
PCI 10G Network Cards/Adaptors
Servers may have multiple (at least two) Network Interfaces
a/b/g/n/ac Wireless Interface in Laptops in addition to wired Ethernet Network Interface

18. I/O Ports Serial port (Com port) Parallel port
One bit at a time -- Uses thin cable
Obsolete
Parallel port
Parallel because it can move a whole byte at a time
Mainly used for connection to a printer
Mostly Obsolete
Universal Serial Bus (USB) replaces those
4 wires (2 for power & 2 for communication)
USB 2 (280 Mbps), USB 3 (4 Gbps), USB 3.1 (10 Gbps with upto 100W output)
USB Pen Drives, Printers, External Disks, Drives etc.

19. Rack vs Blade Servers Rack Server: 19” wide, 1/2U height (1U = 1.75”)
Blade Server: 19” wide, 8-16U height, 8-16 servers per chassis

20. Server Farm
Server Farm

21. Server Farm
Cooling Requirements
On average, each server consumes 300W power and generates heat correspondingly
Air condition required to cool the system in Tons is = Wattage/3.4
A 42U server rack with 40 Dual CPU servers will require about 3.5 Ton Airconditioning.
The temperature maintained in data centres/ server rooms is 22C – 23C

22. Performance Compute Performance I/O Performance Performance Monitoring
Server Performance
Performance
Compute Performance
Measured in TFLOPS (Tera Floating Point Operations per second)
Depends mainly on CPU performance
I/O Performance
Measured in IOPS (Input/Output per second)
Depends mainly on FSB and Word Size
Performance Monitoring
CPU Utilization (per core)
Memory Utilization
Load Average

23. References
References
Please search wiki for memory, hard disk, pci ..

24. QUESTIONS?

25. Assignment 3 Assignment
Find out the total, used and free disk space in your laptop. Why is that the sum of used and free disk space, less than the total disk capacity?
What are the file systems used in different partitions of your laptop?
What is the maximum data transfer rate possible from the RAM of your laptop?
Boot your laptop in Linux. See the memory utilization. Can you find out the software components which are currently resident in the memory.
In Linux, what are the various partitions you have. Do you have a swap partition? Read what is swap and we will discuss it in the class.
Try to rename a big file in your laptop. You will observe that it has taken almost no time whereas time taken to write such a big file would generally be reasonable. What is the reason?
Find out the PCI bus specs being used in your laptop.