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Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 What is an Animal?
11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians 11.3 Worms and Mollusks 11.4 Arthropods 11.5 Echinoderms 11.1 What is an Animal? 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians 11.3 Worms and Mollusks 11.4 Arthropods 11.5 Echinoderms
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? a. fishes b. mammals c. worms d. reptiles
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
1. Which of the following animals appeared first during Earth’s history? a. fishes b. mammals c. worms d. reptiles
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus
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Chapter 11Preview Questions
2. Which of the following structures is NOT found in animal cells? a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it a. has two parent organisms. b. undergoes conjugation. c. is genetically identical to its offspring. d. inherits two different sets of alleles.
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it a. has two parent organisms. b. undergoes conjugation. c. is genetically identical to its offspring. d. inherits two different sets of alleles.
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone a. photosynthesis. b. osmosis. c. selective breeding. d. differentiation.
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Chapter 11 Preview Questions
4. If an animal has specialized tissues and organs, the animal’s cells have undergone a. photosynthesis. b. osmosis. c. selective breeding. d. differentiation.
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Use Clues to Determine Meaning
The animals called cnidarians have two different body plans. One form looks something like a vase. The vase-shaped body plan is called a polyp. A polypís mouth opens at the top and its tentacles spread out from around the mouth. What a polyp is Additional information about a polyp
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Apply It! 1. In your own words, what is the meaning of polyp?
Sample: A polyp is a vase-shaped cnidarian. 2. What sentence contains the definition of polyp? Sentence 3 3. What other clues help you understand the meaning of polyp? The last sentence tells me it has a mouth that opens at the top and is surrounded by spreading tentacles.
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SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
FRANCISCO REDI Similar to Louis Pasteur's spontaneous generation experiment, the 17th century Italian scientist Franceso Redi conducted an experiment to refute the theory of Spontaneous Generation nearly 200 years earlier.
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Spontaneous Generation
Before the 17th century, the belief of where life came from was Spontaneous Generation: Living things come from non-living things Ex. Throwing waste into the street creates rats and flies Four scientists tested this hypothesis: *Redi *Spallanzani *Needham *Pasteur
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What do these results tell us?
Redi’s Experiment Jars of meat Two open jars vs. two closed jars Result: Maggots and flies were only found in the open jars What do these results tell us?
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What do these results tell us?
Needham It was known at the time that heat was lethal to living organisms. Needham theorized that if he took chicken broth and heated it, all living things in it would die. After heating some broth, he let a flask cool and sit at a constant temperature. Result: Lots of microorganisms grew in flask What do these results tell us?
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Spallanzani’s Experiment
Took Needham’s testing further and sealed some of the jars so no air could enter Boiled meat broth in two flasks Open flask vs. sealed flask Result: After three days, the broth in the open flask was cloudy = microorganism growth What do these results tell us?
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Conclusion to all 3 experiments: spontaneous generation disproved
The New hypothesis: biogenesis: all living things come from other living things.
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Section 11.1: What is an Animal?
How are animal bodies typically organized? What are the four major functions of animals? What is symmetry? How are animals classified?
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Structure of Animals The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.
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Structure of Animals The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.
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Functions of Animals Anatomy Physiology
An organisms structure Closely related to physiology The structure of animals (anatomy) is closely related to how they function The study of functions in animals *a frogs skeletal system allows for high jumping How the body parts work together
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Major Physiological Functions all Animals Share
Obtaining Food Animals eat other things either pants or other animals- therefore, they are heterotrophs
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Major Physiological Functions all Animals Share
2. Obtaining Oxygen Animals need oxygen to break down the food they eat (respiration in mitochondria)
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Major Physiological Functions all Animals Share
3. Keeping Conditions Stable =homeostasis Endotherms have internal regulatons to keep stable Ectotherms rely on the environment
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Major Physiological Functions all Animals Share
4. Movement all animals move in some point of their lives
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Major Physiological Functions all Animals Share
5.Reproduction- All animals must reproduce. Some sexually (sperm & eggs) Some may reproduce asexually as well
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Symmetry The functions of animals is closely related to their body structure Symmetry is the balanced arrangement of body parts
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Bilateral Symmetry Animals are larger and more complex in additions to having sense organs
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Radial Symmetry Body parts are equally spaced around a central point
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No Symmetry Sponges
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Classification of Animals
1. More than 1.5 million species of animals have been classified 2. Classifying animals helps us understand and organize them for study 3. Scientists use an organisms Structure DNA How it develops in order to classify it
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Classification of Animals
This branching tree shows how the major animal groups are related.
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Section 11.2: Sponges and Cnidarians?
What are the main characteristics of sponges? What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?
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11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
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11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
Sponges have no tissue or organs- just cells. Sponges are from the phylum Porifera. They are also known as poriferans. Sponges are the simplest organisms classified as animals.
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Invertebrate: Porifera
Sponges have no distinct tissues or organs do have specialized cells no symmetry sessile (as adults) food taken into each cell by endocytosis
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Most adult poriferans are considered to have asymmetrical body shapes.
They grow in random ways. The environment influences their growth more than their genetic makeup. TWO STAGES OF LIFE= Swimming stage-larvae Anchored stage
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SPONGE CELLS Collar cells= flagella to move water into the sponge. Spikes = rigid cells give support Jelly cell= digest food, remove waste, sperm and eggs Pores =water moves in and exits out the osculum at the top of the sponge
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Sponges Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.
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Cnidarians Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa.
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CNIDARIANS Anemone and coral are shaped with one end attached to something solid and the other end with tentacles moving out into the water. They have stinging cells to defend themselves
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Invertebrate: Cnidaria
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs two cell layers radial symmetry Predators tentacles surround gut opening release enzymes into gut cavity absorption by cells lining gut polyp medusa
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Cnidarians Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
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Cnidarians The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.
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Coelenterate Quiz
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Reproduction http://www. youtube. com/watch
The immortal jellyfish
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Section 11.3: Worms and Mollusks
What are the main characteristics of worms? What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms? What are the main characteristics of mollusks? What are the main groups of mollusks?
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Characteristics of Worms
Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.
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Characteristics of Worms
Worms have a head and a tail Worms have tissues, organs and organ systems Worms are the simplest organisms with a brain Worms can detect food, mates, and predators Worms have bilateral symmetry Some have both male and female sex organs and can reproduce with itself
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Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end cephalization = development of brain concentration of sense organs in head increase specialization in body plan ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
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Flatworms cont. Phylum Platyhelminthes Planarians Parasitic flukes
Tapeworms They are distinguished by having a simple flattened body.
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Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm
This tapeworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.
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Invertebrate: Nematoda
Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical body cavity pseudocoelom = simple body cavity digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) many are parasitic hookworm
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Parasites to animals and humans Nemtodes
Roundworms cont. Parasites to animals and humans Nemtodes
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Invertebrate: Annelida
Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments increase mobility redundancy in body sections bilaterally symmetrical true coelem leech fan worm
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Segmented Worms Phylum annelid Earthworms Body made up of many segments
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Characteristics of Mollusks Soft bodies Most with a hard shell
Phylum Molluska Characteristics of Mollusks Soft bodies Most with a hard shell Mantle to secrete shell and protect organs 3 Major Groups of Mollusks Gastropods: snails and slugs Bivalves: clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels 3. Cephalopods: Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses
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Invertebrate: Mollusca
Mollusks slugs, snails, clams, squid bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem increases complexity & specialization of internal organs
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mollusks Although they don’t look much alike at first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have the same basic body structures. Soft bodies Most with a hard shell Mantle to secrete shell and protect organs
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Characteristics of Mollusks
Although they don’t look much alike at first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have the same basic body structures.
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Clams Oysters Scallops Octopuses Snails
Examples of Mollusks Clams Oysters Scallops Octopuses Snails
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Gastropods 1. Gastropods: snails and slugs A single shell or no shell “Stomach foot”
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Snails and Slugs 1. Gastropods= snails and slugs
A single shell or no shell “Stomach foot” have an organ called a radula, which tears and scrapes up food.
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Snails and Slugs Gastropods such as this land snail have an organ called a radula, which tears and scrapes up food.
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BIVALVES clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels Two shells Filter feeders
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Bivalves 2. Bivalves: clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels Two shells Filter feeders
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CEPHALOPODS Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses Swim by jet propulsion Complex nervous system Muscular tentacles with suckers
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Cephalopods Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses Swim by jet propulsion Complex nervous system Muscular tentacles with suckers
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Section 11.4: Arthropods What are the general characteristics of arthropods? What are the distinguishing structures of crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects?
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Arthropods Ch 11.4 Invertebrates Exoskeleton Segmented bodies
Invertebrates Exoskeleton Segmented bodies “Jointed bodies” Open circulatory system 3 Major Groups: 1. Crustaceans 2. Arachnids 3. Centipedes and Millipedes
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Arthropod groups 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions
arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts
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Crustaceans Crustaceans: crabs, barnacles, shrimp, crayfish
Crustaceans: crabs, barnacles, shrimp, crayfish Two or three body sections 3 pair of appendages for chewing 5 or more pair of legs
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Crustaceans A crustacean is an arthropod that has two or three body sections, five or more pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae.
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Arachnids Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, and scorpions
Two body sections 8 pair of legs no antennae
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Arachnids
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Insects Phylum Arthropoda Invertebrates Exoskeleton Three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen) One or two pair of wings Open circulatory system Six legs Communication Sound Pheromones (perfume for insects)
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Body Structure Insects are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings.
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Life Cycle An insect with complete metamorphosis has four different stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
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Life Cycle An insect with gradual metamorphosis has no distinct larval stage. An egg hatches into a stage called a nymph, which usually looks like the adult insect without wings.
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Defense in Insects Flying Camouflage Exoskeleton Smell or taste Stingers
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Centipedes and millipedes
Segmented bodies Appendages on each segment Centipedes are carnivores
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Centipedes and Millipedes
Segmented bodies Appendages on each segment Centipedes are carnivores
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Section 11.5: Echinoderms What are the main characteristics of echinoderms? What are the major groups of echinoderms?
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Phylum Echinodermata Characteristics of Echinoderms Radial symmetry
Characteristics of Echinoderms Radial symmetry Ocean dwellers “spiney skinned” Endoskeleton of calcium plates Water vascular system Tube feet
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Characteristics of Echinoderms
Echinoderms, such as this sea star, have a water vascular system that helps them move and catch food.
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Diversity of Echinoderms
There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. All have radial symmetry and are found in the ocean.
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