1. Colligative Properties of Solutions
Prentice-Hall Chapter 16.3
Dr. Yager

2. Objectives Identify three colligative properties of solutions
Explain why the vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of a solution differ from those properties of the pure solvent.

3. Colligative Property
A colligative property is a property that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identity.
Three important colligative properties of solutions:
vapor-pressure lowering
boiling-point elevation
freezing-point depression

4. In a pure solvent, equilibrium is established between the liquid and the vapor, called vapor pressure.

5. In a solution, nonvolatile solute particles reduce the number of free solvent particles able to escape the liquid. Equilibrium is established at a lower vapor pressure.

6. 3 moles of glucose dissolved in water produce 3 mol of particles
3 moles of glucose dissolved in water produce 3 mol of particles. Glucose does not dissociate v.p. lowering = x
3 moles of NaCl dissolved in water produce 6 mol of particles. NaCl dissociates into 2 ions v.p. lowering = 2x
3 moles of CaCl2 dissolved in water produce 9 mol of particles. CaCl2 dissociates into 3 ions.
v.p. lowering = 3x

7. Freezing-Point Depression
Freezing-point depression is the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent.
Key Point
The magnitude of the freezing-point depression is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent and does not depend upon their identity.

8. The freezing-point depression of aqueous solutions makes walks and driveways safer when people sprinkle salt on icy surfaces to make ice melt. The melted ice forms a solution with a lower freezing point than that of pure water.

9. The wood frog is a remarkable creature because it can survive being frozen. Antarctic fish can also survive freezing water. Scientists believe that a substance in the cells acts as a natural antifreeze, which prevents the cells from freezing.

11. Boiling-Point Elevation
Boiling-point elevation is the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent.
Key Point
The magnitude of the boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent.

12. The boiling point of water increases by 0
The boiling point of water increases by 0.512°C for every mole of particles that the solute forms when dissolved in 1000 g of water.
The same antifreeze added to automobile engines to prevent freeze-ups in winter, protects the engine from boiling over in summer.

13. Which of the following is NOT a colligative property of solutions?
vapor-pressure lowering
freezing-point depression
boiling-point elevation
solubility elevation

14. Which of the following is NOT a colligative property of solutions?
vapor-pressure lowering
freezing-point depression
boiling-point elevation
solubility elevation

15. 2. Choose the correct word for the space: The magnitude of each colligative property of solutions is proportional to the __________ solute dissolved in the solution.
type of
number of particles of
molar volume of
particle size of the

16. 2. Choose the correct word for the space: The magnitude of each colligative property of solutions is proportional to the __________ solute dissolved in the solution.
type of
number of particles of
molar volume of
particle size of the

17. 3. The decrease in vapor pressure when a solute is added to a liquid is due to
attractive forces between solvent particles.
repulsion of the solute particles by the solvent particles.
dissociation of the solvent particles.
attractive forces between solvent and solute particles.

18. 3. The decrease in vapor pressure when a solute is added to a liquid is due to
attractive forces between solvent particles.
repulsion of the solute particles by the solvent particles.
dissociation of the solvent particles.
attractive forces between solvent and solute particles.

19. 4. You have 500 mL of 1M solutions of NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4 and Al2(SO4)3. Which solution will have the highest boiling point?
NaCl(aq)
Na2SO4(aq)
Na3PO4(aq)
Al2(SO4)3(aq)

20. 4. You have 500 mL of 1M solutions of NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4 and Al2(SO4)3. Which solution will have the highest boiling point?
NaCl(aq)
Na2SO4(aq)
Na3PO4(aq)
Al2(SO4)3(aq)