1. World War I
The Great War

4. Militarism Alliances Nationalism – 2 kinds Imperialism
Fundamental Causes
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism – 2 kinds

5. Militarism
Conscription (draft), training, build-up – each sought military superiority
German military tradition (Prussia)
Armament manufacturers increased supply; Krupp
German naval build-up to compete with GB

6. Alliances Creates tension, mistrust, fear Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Central Powers – added Turkey and Bulgaria
Triple Entente
France, Russia, Britain
France desired Alsace Lorraine back (Franco Prussian War)
England threatened by German naval build-up
Became “Allies”
Creates tension, mistrust, fear

7. Imperialism - Examples
Russia and Austria-Hungary – rivals in the Balkans;
France and Germany clashed over Morocco
England and Germany (highly industrialized) competed for colonies in Africa and Middle East

8. Nationalism Intense patriotism fueled war France wanted
Lost in Franco-Prussian War
Serbia wanted Austria-Hungarian territory inhabited by Yugoslav peoples
Russian kinship w/Slavic people in Balkans
Subject nationalities - Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Yugoslavs, Slovaks, Poles, desired independence
Balkans – “powder keg of Europe”

9. Immediate Cause Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo
Gavrilo Princip – Serbian nationalist
The Black Hand

10. The First World War: Why? Long term - 1. Alliance system
2. Imperialist Competition
3. Stockpiling of Weapons
Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914

11. Assassination and War Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes to help Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia & France
Invades France through neutral Belgium (“atrocities”)
England declares war on Germany

12. Assassination and War Alliance all fall into place
Unstoppable chain of events
Nations fueled by militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism honored their alliances
War to end all wars

13. Other Nations Join Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey
Bulgaria
Allied Powers
GB, France and Russia
Serbia
Belgium
Italy (changed sides)
Japan
U.S

14. Countries Joining Allies
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Costa Rica
Cuba
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Japan
Liberia
Montenegro
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Panama
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Siam (Thailand)

15. Side note on Japan 1905 – Russo Japanese War
Japan attacked Russian bases
Defeated Russia easily; fueled nationalism in Asia and Africa
Emergence of the FIRST non-European power on the world stage
Rapidly industrializing and militarizing
Teddy Roosevelt brokered the peace treaty – won Nobel Peace Prize

17. Von Schlieffen Plan - German
Quick, decisive attack through neutral Belgium
Goal: Destroy France quickly; one front
Fails, First Battle of the Marne; taxis sent to the front
600 mile Western Front is established
Stalemate

18. Western Front Trenches – unaccustomed to this
Mud, filth, lice, rats, trench foot, disease
“No man’s land” – between trenches
“Over the top” – suicidal charges into machine guns, barbed wire
Deadly battles for small pieces of land
War of attrition – wear the enemy down by constant killing

19. Video Clips
Trench Warfare:
WWI Firsts:
Soldiers Learn to pack:

37. Trench Foot

39. New Weapons of War Machine guns Tanks Flame Throwers Airplanes
Zeppelins
Poison Gas
Barbed Wire
Grenades
Torpedoes
Submarines
Trench Warfare
Giant Artillery

65. Photo Gallery

66. War in the East – 2 front war
More mobile, no trenches or stalement
Russia unprepared, not industrialized, unemployment, dissension
Russians defeated at Tannenburg and Galicia; almost out of the war
Italy changes sides – 1915 (Allies)
Germany turned attention back to the West

67. Battles War of attrition – wear enemy down
Verdun – 1916 – 700,000 died over a few miles of land
Ypres – first use of poison gas
Gallipoli – Dardanelles (Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire w/Central Powers)
Disastrous defeat of British and Australian troops on the beaches (ordered by Churchill)

69. Battles cont.
Somme – Allied forces helped by US stopped Germans (first battle to use tanks)
Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Ypres – aided by US under John J. Pershing
American Expeditionary Force – AEF– key allied victories
Enter in April, 1917
“Doughboys” head “over there”

70. Reasons for U.S. Entry Pres. Woodrow Wilson – neutrality
“Unrestricted submarine warfare”
U- Boats
Lusitania – British, 128 Americans died
Hostility toward Germany
Invasion through neutral Belgium
Zimmerman note – Germans promised Mexico U.S. territory if they attacked U.S.

75. U.S. Entry cont.
Idealism – “the world must be made safe for democracy” (Wilson)
Kinship/history with democratic allies
Security – feared autocratic and militaristic Germany in Europe
Significance:
Turned tide of battle towards Allies
Broke U.S. policy of isolation
America emerges as a world leader

76. Home Front – Impact
Total War – involving complete mobilization of resources and people
1. Increased government power
2. Economic controls
3. Manipulation of public opinion (propaganda) to keep war effort going

77. Home Front cont.
Gov’t. increases power during war – conscription – Selective Service Act
Free market capitalism temporarily put aside – price, wage, rent controls, rationing of food and supplies, regulation of imports, control of transportation – planned economies
WIB – War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
CPI – Committee of Public Information – George Creel
All citizens were made part of the war
Victory gardens, Liberty bonds

78. Home Front cont. Enthusiasm weakens as war drags on
Censorship of press, civil liberties suspended
Espionage Act – silence criticism of war
Eugene V. Debs – Socialist leader imprisoned
Schenk v. U.S. – “clear and present danger”
Conscientious objectors – moral or religious opposition to war
Intense propaganda (started w/Belgium – “Germans cut off hands of Belgian children!”)
U.S. propaganda strong also (see PP)

80. Home Front cont.
Many wanted to support Central Powers (Irish, German – why?)
Women took jobs men left behind
Lower wages, no job security
Most lost jobs as men returned
Overall, gave boost to women’s movement and status
Great Migration – many African Americans move north for opportunities

81. Home Front Lots of German words changed: Sauerkraut – Liberty cabbage
German measles – Liberty measles
Hamburger – Liberty sandwich
Dachshund – Liberty pups
Gesundheit – frowned upon and illegal in certain places