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From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port

2. Microbial Metabolism
Images: MacConkey’s media with Salmonella growing on left plate and E. coli on right; API20E test strip, T. Port
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

3. Metabolism The Transformation of Energy
Cells either get their energy either by ________________ or _________ ________.
But a cell can’t just use sunlight or nutrients to run cellular reactions.
Q: What type of fuel is needed to run a cell?
So food, needs to be turned into ATP, because that’s what actually runs your body.
photosynthesis
eating stuff
ATP
Cells Can’t Eat Hamburgers
Image: Hamburger, Wiki
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

4. The mother of all rechargeable batteries.
ATP
Energy storing nucleotide.
The mother of all rechargeable batteries.
Image: ATP-ADP Cycle, CUNY
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

5. Basic Metabolic Reactions
Anabolic Reaction
(anabolism)
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are _________ into the complex materials of living tissue.
Catabolic Reaction
(catabolism)
The metabolic ______ _____ of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
Synthesized
Break down
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

6. Carbohydrate Catabolism
Organisms catabolize carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions.
Q: What sugar is most commonly broken down in cellular respiration?
Aerobic cellular respiration → Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and a lot of
Anaerobic respiration & Fermentation → Only partially breaks down glucose, into pyruvic acid and organic waste products and a little .
ATP
Glucose
ATP
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

7. Aerobic cellular respiration →
The steps that a cell must go through to turn other forms of energy into ATP.
The 4 subpathways of cellular respiration are …
1. glycolysis
2. synthesis of acetyl-CoA
3. Krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain
…which result in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and
Q: What is required for respiration to be aerobic?
ATP
Images: Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

8. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Subpathway
Molecule In
Molecule Out
Energy Obtained
glycolysis
2. synth acetyl-CoA
3. Krebs cycle
4. ETC
I draw the table and the pig on the board and fill in as I explain the subpathways of aerobic respiration. All energy obtained is put into (written on) the piggy bank, totals changing as I progress through the lecture.
Let’s put the energy extracted from glucose into our energy piggy bank.

9. Aerobic cellular respiration →
1. __________
Occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells.
Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose
into two three-carbon ________
molecules.
Results in:
- a net gain of 2
- 2 NADH
Glycolysos
Pyruvate
ATP
Image: Glucose molecule, YassineMrabet
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

10. Glycolysis Image: Glycolusis, YassineMrabet
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

11. From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Glycolysis, Regis Frey

12. Q: What is NADH?
Cells use special molecules to carry electrons (often in H atoms).
This is potential energy, another way to
transport energy.
Two important __________ __________
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) → add electrons & hydrogen → NADH
Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → add electrons and hydrogen → FADH2
Think of these energy carriers as rechargeable batteries. (When they have the electrons and hydrogens they are charged up, when they don’t, they need charging.)
electron carriers
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

13. Electron Carriers & Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Or Redox reaction = chemical reactions in which electrons are gained, lost or shared in a chemical reaction.
• ________ describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion.
• _________ describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion.
Q: When NAD+ and FADH are turned into NADH and FADH2, are they being oxidized or reduced?
Oxidation
Reduction
Image: Oil Rig Platform, NASA
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

14. 2. ______ ____ ____________
The two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid above) result in:
Two molecules of ______ ____
Two molecules of _____ (This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)
Synthesis of acetyl CoA
Acetyl Co-A
CO2
NADH
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

15. 3. ______ ______ (a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)
Great amount of energy remains in bonds
of acetyl-CoA.
The Krebs cycle transfers much of this
energy to electron carriers NAD+ & FAD.
Occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes
and in matrix of mitochondria
in eukaryotes.
The two molecules of Acetyl Co-A
result in:
Two molecules of
Two molecules of ________
(electron carrier)
Six molecules of ________
Four molecules of _______
(This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
Kreb’s Cycle
FADH2
NADH
CO2
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Krebs Cycle of Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey

16. 4. ________ _______ Most of the ATP made in cellular respiration comes
from the stepwise release
of energy through a series
of redox reactions between
molecules known as the
electron transport chain (ETC).
Must occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of __________ in eukaryotes.
Q: Where would the ETC of prokaryotes be located?
Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP:
1. ______________________
______________________
Electron Transport
mitochondria
A: plasma membrane
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Creation of Proton Gradient
Phosphorylation of ADP
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Rui; ATP-ADP Cycle, CUNY z

17. Electron Transport ________________
The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electrons and protons (H+) to the ETC.
Carrier molecules in the membrane of the mitochondria pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor.
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz
Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

18. Electron Transport
2. _____________________
Energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other.
Proton gradient = type of ____________ (difference in ion concentration on either side of a membrane) … potential energy available for work in cell.
Creation of a Proton Gradient
Ion gradient
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz
Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

19. Electron Transport
3. ________________
H+ ions flow down proton gradient through the enzyme ATP synthase that phosphorylates ADP to make ATP.
Synthesis of ATP
Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz
Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

20. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey

21. Lets figure out how we got 38 ATP by the end of aerobic respiration.
Aerobic cellular respiration →
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of _________ to carbon dioxide, water &
The ultimate objective is to make molecules to do cellular work.
Each NADH results in 3 ATP, Each FADH2 results in 2 ATP.
A total of 38 molecules of ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose.
Lets figure out how we got 38 ATP by the end of aerobic respiration.
ATP
ATP
glucose
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

22. Using oxygen (1/2 O2) in metabolism creates toxic waste.
Microbes that are able to use aerobic respiration produce enzymes to detoxify oxygen:
Catalase: H2O  H20 and 02
Superoxide dismutase (SOD): oxygen radical ----- H20 and O2
Microbes that don’t make these enzymes cannot exist in the presence of oxygen.
Q: How do cells get energy if there is no O2 available to them, or if they can’t use O2?
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

23. ______ ______ ________
Cells that don’t have access to oxygen, or that are obligate anaerobes can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate & carbon dioxide).
In anaerobic respiration, not all the ETC is used, so less ATP is produced.
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image:Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

24. ______________
When there is no final __________ __________ for the ETC, the electron transport can’t happen.
Fermentation is an alternative system that allows glycolysis to continue without the other steps of respiration.
Not as energetically efficient as respiration.
Produces only 2 ATP.
Fermentation
electron acceptor
ATP
ATP
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

25. Fermentation
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

26. Metabolism & Identification of Microbes
Some of the specialized media that we have worked with in lab is both selective and differential.
The differential properties give us information about bacteria based on its metabolism.
Qs: What is the medium in top picture?
Is selective …Why? What does it grow?
Is differential …Why?
What does the differential property reveal about the bacteria growing there?
Qs: What is the medium in bottom picture?
Is selective …Why? What does it grow?
MacConkey’s
Mannitol Salt
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: MacConkey’s Agar (MAC) & Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), T. Port

27. Metabolism & Identification of Microbes
API-20E
The API-20E test is used to ID Gram-negative enteric bacilli-shaped bacteria from the family.
System of 20 individual, miniaturized tests used to determine the ____________ ____________ of the
organism.
Some microbes can metabolize certain molecules while others can’t.
When molecules are metabolized, specific waste products are created.
From identification of metabolic capabilities, we can zero in on identification of genus and species.
Metabolic capabilities
Images: API-20E with results sheet, T. Port; API-20E results for different species of bacteria, Dr. Charles Gerba, University of Arizona
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

28. Confused? Smart Links Here are links to fun resources that further
explain cellular respiration:
Microbial Metabolism Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online.
Cellular Respiration animation by Jay Phelan, “What is Life? A Guide to Biology”, W. H. Freeman & Co.
Anaerobic Respiration Page by Timothy Paustain, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Alcohol and Lactate Fermentation by Central Michigan University.
“The Body Machine” music video by School House Rock.
How NAD+ Works animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill.
Glycolysis animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill.
Krebs Cycle Animation & Quiz 1 from McGraw-Hill.
Krebs Cycle Animation & Quiz 2 from McGraw-Hill.
Electron Transport Chain animation from Molecular & Cellular Biology Learning Center.
Electron Transport Chain click through animation by Graham Kent Bio231 Cell Biology Laboratory.
Electron Transport System & Formation of ATP (Quiz 1) by McGraw-Hill
Electron Transport System & ATP Synthesis (Quiz 2) by McGraw-Hill
Food Molecules video from HowStuffWorks, a Discovery company.
“The Energy” song by Audiovent.
Smart Links
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

29. See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Microbiology Classroom Microbial Metabolism lecture for a printable Word .doc of this assignment.
Homework Assignment
At the end of some lectures, I will give you some type of homework to evaluate your understanding of that day’s material.
This homework will always be open-book.
Today you will be given an activity on the topic of Microbial Metabolism & Selective Media.
If assigned, this homework is due at the at the start of class, next time we meet for lecture.
Images: Osmosis animation
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

30. Are microbes intimidating you. Do yourself a favor
Are microbes intimidating you? Do yourself a favor. Use the… Virtual Microbiology Classroom (VMC) ! The VMC is full of resources to help you succeed, including:
practice test questions
review questions
study guides and learning objectives
You can access the VMC by going to the Science Prof Online website
Images:, Staphylococcus, Giant Microbes; Prokaryotic cell, Mariana Ruiz