1. Kingdom Protista 2016
Chapter 20
Brainpop

2. Kingdom Protista: The “None of the Above” category
Eukaryotes
Unicellular and Multicellular
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Some have cell walls
Many have structures specific for movement.
Organisms that do not neatly fit into any other category are considered protists.
As a result, there is a lot of variety in this kingdom!

3. Modes of Locomotion for Protists
Pseudopods “false foot” – link
Change shape as they move
Amoebas
Foraminifera

4. Modes of Locomotion for Protists
Flagellates
Use flagella – a “whip-like” tail – link
Euglena
Trypanosoma brucei
Responsible for African Sleeping Sickness

5. Modes of Locomotion for Protists
Ciliates
Use cilia – tiny hairs that move back and forth – for
movement and to gather food.
Paramecium

6. Modes of Locomotion for Protists
Sessile
Do not move.
Like algae
Ocean Algae
Red Tide
Pond Algae
Blue Green Algae
Seaweed
Volvox

7. Three Types of Protists
Animal-like Protists:
Often called Protozoa
Typically heterotrophic, motile, unicellular
Grouped by method of locomotion
(how they move)
Zooflagellates
Pseudopods
Cilliates
Forams
Sporozoans
Protist Interactive Lab
Approx. 7 minutes
Animal-Like Protist Clip
cladogram

8. Three Types of Protists
Plant-like Protists:
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists
Euglena are plant and animal-like. Photosynthetic and heterotrophic!
Euglena Clip
35 seconds

9. Three Types of Protists
Plant-like Protists:
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists
Can cause red tides
May be bioluminescent
Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells
Diatom Detective Link
2:04 – solving a murder
Click here for Electron Microscope Images of Diatoms

10. Three Types of Protists
Fungus-like Protists:
Absorb dead and decaying organic matter.
Slime molds have fungus-like (decomposers) and animal-like (motile) characteristics.
Can be parasites of plants or fish
One type of water mold caused
the Great Potato Famine of Ireland
in the 1800’s
Cool Images of Slime Molds

11. Benefits of Protists Food and Photosynthesis:
Protists feed a large portion of the world's aquatic species
Protists conduct 25% of the world's photosynthesis.
Virtually all aquatic organisms depend directly or indirectly on protists for food.

12. Benefits of Protists Mutualism:
Protists, such as Trichonympha collaris, help land-dwelling animals such as termites and cockroaches digest cellulose.
Protists like zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship with coral reefs; the protists act as a food source for coral and the coral provides shelter and compounds for photosynthesis for the protists.

13. Illnesses Caused by Protists
Malaria:
Plasmodium vivax is a parasitic protist that causes Malaria.
An infected female Anopheles Mosquito transmits the protist to a human host.
Symptoms range from flu-like to possible coma and even death.
Malaria Interactive
Malaria in the Mosquito
3:59
Malaria in the Human
4:18

14. Malaria

15. Kingdom Fungi Show brainpop

16. General Fungi Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular
Heterotrophs :Fungi depend on other organisms for food. They digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it.
Their cell walls contain chitin, a complex carbohydrate.

17. General Fungi Characteristics
Fungi may be mutualists, decomposers, or pathogens
Some fungi absorb nutrients from decaying matter in the soil.
Other fungi are parasites, absorbing nutrients from their hosts.

18. General Fungi Characteristics
The Kingdom Fungi offers many benefits and many detriments.

19. Detriments of Fungus Harmful:
Fungal diseases, including Athlete’s Foot and Ringworm
Fungi can attack and destroy crops
Fungi can ruin food

20. Benefits of Fungus Helpful:
Penicillium notatum is a mold that is the source of the antibiotic penicillin
Act as a decomposer
Return nutrients to the soil
Food
Some are symbiotic with other organisms like algae (lichen) and with plant roots (nitrogen fixation)

21. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: Lichen
Lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (either a green alga or a cyanobacterium, or both).
The fungus benefits by gaining food from the photosynthetic organism.
The photosynthetic organisms benefits by gaining water from the fungus.
This is an example of Mutualism since both benefit.

22. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: Lichen
Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution (the smaller the variety of lichens in an area, the more polluted it is).
Lichens are also useful to their neighbors, recycling nutrients used by other plants and providing homes for spiders, mites, lice and other insects.
Humans extract the most incredible range of wool dyes from lichens and also eat some of the edible species, while drug companies use lichens to make antibiotics or sunscreen cream

23. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: Lichen
Hyphae = Threadlike cells making up fungus

24. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: Ant Farm Fungus
The Coevolution of Ants and Fungi
Parasitism: Zombie Ants
Zombie Ants!