1. Tissues
Mr. Hill
Anatomy

2. Contents Tissues Epithelial Tissues Epithelial Tissue - Simple
Epithelial Tissue - Stratified
Epithelial Tissue - Glandular
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue – Cell Types
Connective Tissue - Fibers
Connective Tissue - Types
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

3. Tissues
Cells are organized into tissues. Cells within a tissue are similar.
Usually, tissue cells are separated by nonliving, intercellular materials - solid, semi-solid, or liquid.
The human body has 4 major types of tissues:
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

4. Epithelial Tissue Widespread throughout the body.
Covers organs, forms inner lining of body cavities, and lines hollow organs.
Epithelial tissue is anchored to underlying connective tissue by a thin basement membrane.
Usually lacks blood vessels (nutrients diffuse via the basement membrane).
Protective barrier, secretion, absorption, excretion.
Classified by shape and number of layers of cells. Single layer: simple. Two or more layers: stratified. Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (elongated).

5. Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous
Single layer of flattened cells.
Substances pass easily through simple squamous epithelium – common at sites of diffusion and filtration.
Lines alveoli (in lungs), walls of capillaries, lines inside of blood and lymph vessels, lines body cavities.
Easily damaged.

6. Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal
Single layer of cube-shaped cells.
Centrally located, spherical nuclei.
Covers the ovaries, lines the kidney tubules and ducts of the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.
Secretion and absorption.

7. Epithelial Tissue Simple Columnar
Single layer of elongated cells. Thick and protects underlying cells. SCE also secretes digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients.
SCE lines the uterus and digestive tract.
Ciliated or nonciliated.
May have microvilli to increase surface area for absorption.
Often glandular cells (goblet cells) are scattered among SCE. These cells secrete a protective fluid called mucus

8. Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous
Many layers (thick). Cells at the surface are flattened (squamous). Deeper cells are cuboidal or columnar.
Outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). SSE also lines the oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal.

9. Epithelial Tissue Transitional
Specialized to change in response to increased tension. From many layers to only a few layers when the organ is distended.
Lines the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra.

10. Epithelial Tissue Glandular
GE is composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.
Glands that secrete into tissue fluid or blood are called endocrine glands.
Single cells, simple or compound.

11. Epithelial Tissue Glandular

12. Connective Tissue
Comprise much of the body and are the most abundant type of tissue.
Bind structures, provide support and protection, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and help repair tissue damage.
Cells are not adjacent but have a matrix between them. The matrix binds, supports, and provides a medium.
CT has a variety of cell types.

13. Connective Tissue Categories
Adipose (fat) tissue Certain cells within CT store fat within their cytoplasm.
Lies beneath the skin, between muscles, around the kidneys, in the abdomen, and around the heart.
Energy storage. Cushions joints and some organs. Insulates beneath the skin.

14. Connective Tissue Categories
Dense CT consists of closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers, a network of elastic fibers, and a few fibroblasts.
Regular dense CT has strong collagenous fibers to withstand pulling forces. Tendons, ligaments. Blood supply poor.
Irregular dense CT is randomly organized. Can withstand tension from many directions. Dermis.

15. Connective Tissue Categories
Elastic CT consists mainly of yellow, elastic fibers.
Between these fibers are collagenous fibers and fibroblasts.
Found in attachments between vertebrae and within the walls of the heart, larger arteries, and the larger airways.

16. Connective Tissue Categories
Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue. Largely composed of collagenous fibers in a gel-like ground substance.
Support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissue, forms structural models for many developing bones.
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) occupy chambers called lucunae.
Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply.

17. Connective Tissue Categories
Bone is the most rigid connective tissue. Hardness is due to mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate). Also contains a large amount of collagen for toughness.
Bone supports, forms blood cells, and protects.
Bone matrix is deposited by osteocytes (bone cells), which form concentric patterns called an osteon.

18. Connective Tissue Categories
Blood is composed of cells suspended in a fluid called blood plasma.
Cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular fragments called platelets.
RBCs transport gases. WBCs fight infection. Platelets are involved in blood clotting.

19. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle
Muscle tissues are contractile. Muscle fibers can shorten and thicken.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle tissue forms muscles that we control by conscious effort. (Voluntary).
Can be long (to 40 mm) and narrow (0.1 mm). Have alternating light and dark cross markings called striations.
Each cell has many nuclei.

20. Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle tissue lacks striations. Cells are shorter and have one nucleus.
Involuntary.
In walls of hollow internal organs. (Stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, blood vessels.

21. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle tissue is only in the heart. Striated cells are branched and form complex networks. Single nucleus.
Where cells join forms an intercalated disk.
Involuntary. Can function without nerve impulses.

22. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Cells are called neurons. Specialized. Also includes neuroglia, which support and bind the components of nervous tissue.
Sense changes in the environment and respond by transmitting nerve impulses.
Coordinate, regulate, and integrate many body functions.