1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Lecture Notes Key: ^ means discuss before notes
v means discuss after notes

2. III. Types of Psych Disorders 4. Mood Disorders Types: A. Depression
FAST FACT:
Depression & Bi-polar syndromes, are said to strike one in seven of the population.
7-14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of % of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 20.
• An emotional disorder in which the person’s emotions are excessive or contrary to what is expected.
^ Most people have mood changes that reflect normal ups and downs of daily life. You feel down if you do bad on a test or during a breakup. You feel up when you teams wins, or when you’re excelling at something.
Some people, however, experience mood changes that seem inconsistent with the situations to which they are responding. - Feeling down after winning a ball game. Or even are extremely happy and excited for no apparent reason.. These are symptoms of a mood disorder
Types:
A. Depression
B. Bipolar Disorder

3. 4. Mood Disorders 1. Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode
Persistent depressed mood for most of the day
Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
Significant weight loss or gain due to changes in appetite
Sleeping more or less than usual
Speeding up or slowing down of physical & emotional reactions
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt
Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
^ Most people have mood changes that reflect normal ups and downs of daily life. You feel down if you do bad on a test or during a breakup. You feel up when you teams wins, or when you’re excelling at something.
Some people, however, experience mood changes that seem inconsistent with the situations to which they are responding. - Feeling down after winning a ball game. Or even are extremely happy and excited for no apparent reason.. These are symptoms of a mood disorder
Depression - This is by far the most common of all the psychological disorder. Depression affects more than 100 million people worldwide and between 8 to 18% of the general population will experience depression in their lifetime.. It must be treated immediately, because as many as 15% of severely depressed individuals eventually kill themselves.
^ Chart - According to American Psychiatric Association, when a person experiences at least five of the nine symptoms, they may be diagnosed with major depression.. Don’t go diagnosing yourself yet. The Associations says that at least one of the individuals five symptoms must be one of the first two symptoms on the list. Also, they must be present for at least two weeks and occur nearly every day during that period.
1. poor appetite or overeating, 2.insomnia or hypersomnia, 3. low energy or fatigue 4. low self-esteem 5. poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, 6. feelings of hopelessness -----Dysthymic disorder - not as severe feeling, but feeling depressed for two years or more at at time. may be one or two days where you feel normal
A. Depression
A state of feeling sad, hopeless, and worthless, also withdrawing from interpersonal contact.
1. Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode
2. Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent
3. Dysthymic Disorder

4. 4. Mood Disorders 1. Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode
Persistent depressed mood for most of the day
Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
Significant weight loss or gain due to changes in appetite
Sleeping more or less than usual
Speeding up or slowing down of physical & emotional reactions
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt
Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
An embedded link to a 2:06 minute Depression Youtube video clip begins here.
Mac users, click on black circle to open browser and view a 2:06 minute Depression Youtube video clip
Original link: dHs&feature=youtu.be
^ Most people have mood changes that reflect normal ups and downs of daily life. You feel down if you do bad on a test or during a breakup. You feel up when you teams wins, or when you’re excelling at something.
Some people, however, experience mood changes that seem inconsistent with the situations to which they are responding. - Feeling down after winning a ball game. Or even are extremely happy and excited for no apparent reason.. These are symptoms of a mood disorder
Depression - This is by far the most common of all the psychological disorder. Depression affects more than 100 million people worldwide and between 8 to 18% of the general population will experience depression in their lifetime.. It must be treated immediately, because as many as 15% of severely depressed individuals eventually kill themselves.
^ Chart - According to American Psychiatric Association, when a person experiences at least five of the nine symptoms, they may be diagnosed with major depression.. Don’t go diagnosing yourself yet. The Associations says that at least one of the individuals five symptoms must be one of the first two symptoms on the list. Also, they must be present for at least two weeks and occur nearly every day during that period.
1. poor appetite or overeating, 2.insomnia or hypersomnia, 3. low energy or fatigue 4. low self-esteem 5. poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, 6. feelings of hopelessness -----Dysthymic disorder - not as severe feeling, but feeling depressed for two years or more at at time. may be one or two days where you feel normal
A. Depression
A state of feeling sad, hopeless, and worthless, also withdrawing from interpersonal contact.
1. Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode
2. Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent
3. Dysthymic Disorder

5. III. Types of Psych Disorders b. Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)
4. Mood Disorders cont.
b. Bipolar Disorder
(manic depression)
• a person’s mood inappropriately alternates between extremes of mania & depression
Bipolar - Characterized by dramatic ups and downs in mood. Periods of MANIA can change into depression very quickly and for no apparent reason. The MANIC phase is characterized by a mood that is persistently and abnormally elevated. Manic is characterized by inflated self-esteem, inability to sit still, constant talking-switching from subject to subject, racing thoughts and ideas, difficulty concentrating.
In severe cases, they may have delusions about their own superiority abilities or about others being jealous of them (god). They may also have hallucinations, such as hearing imaginary voices or seeing things that are not really there. They’re behavior may be impulsive, such as going on wild spending sprees, quitting their jobs to pursue wild dreams,. As you can see, it can ruin someone’s life. (Video)
MANIA
• Increased energy, restlessness
• "high," overly euphoric mood • Little sleep needed
• Racing thoughts & fast talking, jumping from one idea to another • Unrealistic beliefs in one's abilities and powers
• Poor judgment, Spending sprees, Increased sexual drive, Abuse of drug
MANIA
• Increased energy, restlessness
• "high," overly euphoric mood
• Little sleep needed
• Racing thoughts & fast talking, jumping from one idea to another
• Unrealistic beliefs in one's abilities and powers
• Poor judgment, Spending sprees, Increased sexual drive, Abuse of drug

6. III. Types of Psych Disorders A. Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)
4. Mood Disorders cont.
A. Bipolar Disorder
(manic depression)
Descriptions offered by people with bipolar disorder give valuable insights into the various mood states associated with the illness:
Bipolar - Characterized by dramatic ups and downs in mood. Periods of MANIA can change into depression very quickly and for no apparent reason. The MANIC phase is characterized by a mood that is persistently and abnormally elevated. Manic is characterized by inflated self-esteem, inability to sit still, constant talking-switching from subject to subject, racing thoughts and ideas, difficulty concentrating.
In severe cases, they may have delusions about their own superiority abilities or about others being jealous of them (god). They may also have hallucinations, such as hearing imaginary voices or seeing things that are not really there. They’re behavior may be impulsive, such as going on wild spending sprees, quitting their jobs to pursue wild dreams,. As you can see, it can ruin someone’s life. (Video)
Depression: I doubt completely my ability to do anything well. It seems as though my mind has slowed down and burned out to the point of being virtually useless…. [I am] haunt[ed]… with the total, the desperate hopelessness of it all…. Others say, "It's only temporary, it will pass, you will get over it," but of course they haven't any idea of how I feel, although they are certain they do. If I can't feel, move, think or care, then what on earth is the point?
Hypomania: At first when I'm high, it's tremendous… ideas are fast… like shooting stars you follow until brighter ones appear…. All shyness disappears, the right words and gestures are suddenly there… uninteresting people, things become intensely interesting. Sensuality is pervasive, the desire to seduce and be seduced is irresistible. Your marrow is infused with unbelievable feelings of ease, power, well-being, omnipotence, euphoria… you can do anything… but, somewhere this changes.
Mania: The fast ideas become too fast and there are far too many… overwhelming confusion replaces clarity… you stop keeping up with it—memory goes. Infectious humor ceases to amuse. Your friends become frightened…. everything is now against the grain… you are irritable, angry, frightened, uncontrollable, and trapped.

7. Celebrities with Bipolar Illness
An embedded link to a 2:12 minute bipolar disorder Youtube video clip begins here.
Mac users, click on black circle to open browser and view a 2:12 minute bipolar disorder Youtube video clip
Original link: nx4
Next Slide: Causes of Mood Disorders
Cognitive Theorist - Depressed people have negative views of themselves from negative experiences in childhood. They now tend to filter out the positive information in their lives. They Also perceive negative information more negative than it really is.
Biological - Mood disorders tend to occur more often in close relatives. Similar research with twins have shown similar results.
People with depression seem to have lower levels of serotonin and noradrenaline. These are two neurotransmitters in the brain that is involved with emotion and mood.
Both - Going back to the dog example that learned they were helpless to escape electric shocks. They also had less noradrenaline in their brains. Helplessness is linked to lower levels of noradrenaline. So the relationship may be a vicious cycle: a depressing situation may slow the production of noradrenaline in the brain, therefore depressing a person even more.
Fast Fact!
Celebrities with Bipolar Illness
Tim Burton-Movie director, Axl Rose-musician, Buzz Aldrin-astronaut

8. Causes of Mood Disorders
4. Mood Disorders cont.
Psychological Views
• Psychoanalytic - as children, they suffered a loss of a loved one. Child repressed anger, leading to guilt & loss of self-esteem, finally depression.
Psychological view -- as a child, they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person. The child feels anger toward the lost object or person, but, instead of expressing the anger, internalizes it and directs it toward himself or herself. This leads to feelings of guilt and loss of self-esteem, which in turn lead to depression..
= Learning Theorist -(Learned Helplessness) people have learned through experience to believe that previous events in their lives were out of their control, leading them to expects future events will be out of their control as well. As a result, whenever a negative events occur, these people feel helpless, and this leads to depression.
A study was done with dogs in which a psychologist taught dogs learned helplessness - in this case that they were helpless in escaping from an electric shock. He placed a barrier in the dogs cage to prevent them from leaving when shocks were administered. Later he removed the barrier, however when the the shocks were administered again, the dogs made no effort to escape. They had apparently learned they were helpless to anything to prevent the pain.
• Learning Theorist - (Learned Helplessness) people have learned that previous negative events in their lives were out of their control
- leads them to expect future events to be out of their control too.

9. Causes of Mood Disorders
4. Mood Disorders cont.
Causes of Mood Disorders
• Cognitive Theorist - Depressed people have negative views of themselves from bad experiences in childhood. They now filter any positive info in their lives
= • Cognitive Theorist - Depressed people have negative views of themselves from negative experiences in childhood. They now tend to filter out the positive information in their lives. They Also perceive negative information more negative than it really is.
Biological - Mood disorders tend to occur more often in close relatives. Similar research with twins have shown similar results.
People with depression seem to have lower levels of serotonin and noradrenaline. These are two neurotransmitters in the brain that is involved with emotion and mood.
Both - Going back to the dog example that learned they were helpless to escape electric shocks. They also had less noradrenaline in their brains. Helplessness is linked to lower levels of noradrenaline. So the relationship may be a vicious cycle: a depressing situation may slow the production of noradrenaline in the brain, therefore depressing a person even more.
Biological Views - People w/depression may have lower levels of serotonin & noradrenaline.
Both - two work together, cycling downward

10. Depression Causes of Mood Disorders 4. Mood Disorders cont.
• Cognitive Theorist - Depressed people have negative views of themselves from bad experiences in childhood. They now filter any positive info in their lives
OPTIONAL:
An embedded link to a 21:29 minute Youtube video on depression begins here.
Mac users, click on black circle to open browser and view 21:29 minute Youtube video on depression video clip.
Original link: 5w
Biological Views - People w/depression may have lower levels of serotonin & noradrenaline.
Both - two work together, cycling downward
Depression