1. MIS COMPUTERS: THE MACHINES BEHIND COMPUTING 1 laptop per child
CHAPTER 2
Hossein BIDGOLI
1 laptop per child
Get me the Geeks

2. Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
LO1 Define a computer system and describe its components.
LO2 Discuss the history of computer hardware and software.
LO3 Explain the factors distinguishing computing power of computers.
LO4 Describe the major operations of computers
LO5 Summarize the binary system and data representation.

3. l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
LO6 Discuss the types of input, output, and memory devices.
LO7 Explain how computers are classified.
LO8 Describe the two major types of software.
LO9 List the generations of computer languages.

4. six major roles and goals of IT
1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using
2. Enhance decision making
3. Improve team collaboration
4. Create business partnerships and alliances
5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into consideration the culture of each nation or society.
6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

5. Computer Hardware Output Device Monitor Input Device Keyboard
Processing Device
The System Unit

6. The Building Blocks of a Computer
Exhibit 2.1
The Building Blocks of a Computer
Components of a Computer System
Hardware components
Physical devices, such as keyboards, monitors, and processing units
Software
Programs written in computer languages
Central processing unit (CPU)
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Control unit
Single or multiprocessor

7. Processing – Mother Board
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
RAM and _________
Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive)
Slots - connecting specialty processors
___________ - connecting input/output devices

8. Processing – Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Called the “_________________________”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:
Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components
Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

9. Processing – Central Processing Unit
Moore’s Law (1970s)
Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months
CPU Processing
Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors
Feature size is the size of the lines thru which signals pass

10. The History of Computer Hardware
Table 2.1
Hardware Generators
The History of Computer Hardware

11. The Power of Computers Factors that exceed human capacities: Speed
Accuracy
Storage and retrieval

12. Input Devices Input devices Types Optical character reader
Send data and information to computer
Types
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch screen
Light pen
____________
Data tablet
Barcode reader
Optical character reader
Magnetic ink character recognition system
Optical mark recognition system

13. Output Devices Output devices Soft copy Hard copy
For mainframes and personal computers
Soft copy
Monitor
Cathode ray tube (CPT), plasma, liquid crystal display (LCD)
Hard copy
Printer
Inkjet, laser
Voice

14. Memory Devices Main memory Secondary memory
Stores data and information
Volatile
Secondary memory
______________________
Holds data when the computer is off or during course of a program's operation
Serves as archival storage

15. Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Primary Storage
This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics:
Provides temporary storage for computer operation
Stores data programs and data currently in use
CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM
Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)
This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off

16. Secondary Memory Devices
Magnetic disks
Made of mylar or metal
Used for random-access processing
Magnetic tape
Made of a plastic material
Stores data sequentially
____________ discs
Use laser beams to access and store data
CD-ROM, WORM, DVD

17. Secondary Memory Devices (cont'd.)
Other secondary memory
Hard disk
USB flash drive
Memory card
Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system
Collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance
If one disk in the array fails, data isn’t lost

18. Table 2.4
Capacity of Secondary Memory Devices

19. Classes of Computers Classify based on:
Cost, amount of memory, speed, sophistication

20. Types of Computers
Supercomputers
Mainframe
Computers
Workstations

21. Types of Computers – Personal Notebook Computers Network Computers
Handheld Computer
Tablet PC

22. Digital Divide
1 laptop per child
The ______________ _____________ refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all.

24. Ubiquitous Computing Also called: Wearable computers
Pervasive computing
Third wave computing
Wearable computers
Cell phones
Medical devices

25. Server Platforms: An Overview
Computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network
Types of servers
Application
Database
Disk
Fax
File
Mail
Print
Remote access (RAS)
Web
A server is a computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network. Many different server platforms are available for performing specifi c tasks, including the following:

26. What is Software? All the programs that run a computer system
Classified broadly as:
System software
Application software

27. Operating System Software
Operating system (OS)
Set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software
Provides an interface between a computer and the user
Increases computer _________________ by helping users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users

28. Operating System Software (cont'd.)
Operating system control programs
Job management
_______________ allocation
Data management
Communication
Kernel
Supervisor program
Responsible for controlling all other programs in the OS

29. Application Software Application software Software types
Commercial software or software developed in- house
Software types
Word processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation
Graphics
Desktop publishing

30. Google Docs: Applications and Challenges
Free Web-based application for creating
Word processor documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and forms
Create and edit document
Collaboration in real time
Save in various formats
_______ computing (Dropbox)
Security risks

31. The History of Computer Software
Table 2.2
Computer Language Trends
The History of Computer Software

32. Computer Languages Machine language Assembly language 0s and 1s
Code written for one type of computer does not work on another
Assembly language
Higher level than machine but still machine dependent

33. Computer Languages (cont'd.)
High-level languages
C++, Java, VB.Net
Used for Web development and the Internet
Fourth generation languages
Easiest to use
SQL

34. Computer Languages (cont'd.)
Fifth-generation languages (5GLs)
____________ -based systems
Natural language processing (NLP)
Visual programming
Graphical approach to using programming

35. Summary Components and distinguishing factors of computers
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Summary
Components and distinguishing factors of computers
Brief history of computer hardware and software
Input, output, and memory devices
Classifications for computers
Different types of software
Generations of computer languages