1. Section 1: Atmospheric Moisture
Preview
Key Ideas
Changing Forms of Water
Humidity
Measuring Humidity
Measuring Relative Humidity

2. Key Ideas
Explain how heat energy affects the changing phases of water.
Explain what absolute humidity and relative humidity are, and describe how they are measured.
Describe what happens when the temperature of air decreases to the dew point or below.

3. Changing Forms of Water
Water in the atmosphere exists in three states, or phases.
One phase is known as a gas called water vapor.
The other two phases of water are the solid phase known as ice and the liquid phase known as water.
Water changes from one phase to another when heat energy is absorbed or released.

4. Changing Forms of Water, continued
Latent Heat
latent heat the heat energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change
When liquid water evaporates, the water absorbs energy from the environment.
When water vapor changes back into a liquid through the process of condensation, energy is released into the surrounding air and the molecules move closer together.
Latent heat is absorbed when ice thaws, and latent heat is released when water freezes.

5. Changing Forms of Water, continued
Evaporation
Most water enters the atmosphere through evaporation of ocean water near the equator.
Water vapor also enters the atmosphere by evaporation from lakes, ponds, streams, and soil.
Plants release water into the atmosphere in a process called transpiration.
Volcanoes and burning fuels also release small amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere.

6. Changing Forms of Water, continued
Sublimation
sublimation the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas (the term is sometimes also used for the reverse process)
Ice commonly changes into a liquid before changing into a gas.
When the air is dry and the temperature is below freezing, ice and snow may sublimate into water vapor.
Water vapor can also turn directly into ice without becoming a liquid.

7. Changing Forms of Water, continued
The diagram below shows the different phases of water.

8. Reading Check
Summarize the conditions under which sublimation commonly occurs.
When air is very dry and the temperature is below freezing, ice and snow change directly into water vapor by sublimation.

9. Humidity Water vapor in the atmosphere is known as humidity.
Humidity is controlled by rates of condensation and evaporation.
The rate of evaporation is determined by the temperature of the air. The higher the temperature is, the higher the rate of evaporation is.
The rate of condensation is determined by vapor pressure. When vapor pressure is high, the condensation rate is high.

10. Humidity, continued
When the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation are in equilibrium, the air is said to be “saturated.”
dew point at constant pressure and water vapor content, the temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation
At temperatures below the dew point, net condensation occurs, and liquid water droplets form.

11. Humidity, continued Absolute Humidity
absolute humidity the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air that contains the water vapor, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air

12. Humidity, continued Absolute Humidity, continued
However, as air moves, its volume changes as a result of temperature and pressure changes.
Therefore, meteorologists prefer to describe humidity by using the mixing ratio of air.
The mixing ratio of air is the mass of water vapor in a unit of air relative to the mass of the dry air.
Because this measurement uses only units of mass, it is not affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

13. Humidity, continued
The diagram below shows the effects of vapor pressure.

14. Humidity, continued Relative Humidity
relative humidity the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation at a given temperature
If the temperature does not change, the relative humidity will increase if moisture enters the air.
Relative humidity can also increase if the moisture in the air remains constant but the temperature decreases.
If the temperature increases as the moisture in the air remains constant, the relative humidity will decrease.

15. Humidity, continued Reaching the Dew Point
When the air is nearly saturated with a relative humidity of almost 100%, only a small temperature drop is needed for air to reach its dew point.
Air may cool to its dew point by conduction when the air comes in contact with a cold surface.
During the night, grass, leaves, and other objects near the ground lose heat. When the temperature of air cools below the dew point, condensation called dew is formed.

16. Humidity, continued Reaching the Dew Point, continued
If dew point falls below the freezing temperature of water, water vapor may change directly into solid ice crystals, or frost.
Because frost forms when water vapor turns directly into ice, frost is not frozen dew.
Frozen dew is relatively uncommon. Unlike frost, frozen dew forms as clear beads of ice.

17. Reading Check How does dew differ from frost?
Dew is liquid moisture that condenses from air on cool objects when the air is nearly saturated and the temperature drops. Frost is water vapor that condenses as ice crystals onto a cool surface directly from the air when the dew point is below freezing.

18. Measuring Humidity Using an Electrical Hygrometer
Humidity is commonly measured by a humidity sensor that uses a thin polymer film.
The polymer film’s ability to conduct electricity is affected by the relative humidity of the surrounding air.
Thus, by measuring the polymer film’s ability to store electricity, relative humidity can be determined.

19. Measuring Humidity, continued
Using a Psychrometer
A psychrometer consists of two identical thermometers. The bulb of one thermometer is covered with a damp wick. The bulb of the other thermometer remains dry.
When the psychrometer is held by a handle and whirled through the air, the air circulates around both thermometers.
The difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature is used to calculate relative humidity.

20. Measuring Humidity, continued
Other Methods for Measuring Humidity
A dew cell consist of a ceramic cylinder with electrodes attached to it and treated with lithium chloride, LiCl.
By detecting the electrical resistance of LiCl as it is heated and cooled, the dew cell can determine dew point.
The hair hygrometer determines relative humidity based on the principle that hair becomes longer as relative humidity increases.

21. Measuring Humidity, continued
Measuring Humidity at High Altitudes
The hygrometer may be carried up into the atmosphere in an instrument package known as a radiosonde.
The electric hygrometer is triggered by passing electric current through a moisture-attracting chemical substance.
The amount of moisture changes the electrical conductivity of the chemical substance. The change can then be expressed as the relative humidity of the surrounding air.

22. Measuring Relative Humidity
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