1. Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives By Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah
Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students
Chem 2311
Chapter 10
Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives
By Prof. Dr.
Adel M. Awadallah
Islamic University of Gaza

6. Diacids

8. Physical Properties of carboxylic acids
Hydrogen bonding
Solubility in water
(lower acids)

10. Acidity of carboxylic acids
pKa = -log Ka
As Ka increase or pKa decrease, the acidity increase

12. Resonance and Inductive effect
Conversion of acids to salts

13. Preparation of carboxylic acids

15. Reactions of carboxylic acids

16. Esters
Nomenclature

18. Examples

21. Lactones (Cyclic Esters)

22. Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters)

23. Reduction of Esters
Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols

24. Acid Halides
They are prepared from the reaction of acids with thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides

26. Reactions of acid chlorides
Acid chlorides react rapidly with most nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia
Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl chlorid is a lachrymator
(tear gas)

29. Preparation of mixed anhydrides

30. Mixed anhydrides

31. Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides

32. Amides
Nomenclature

33. Properties of Amides

35. Amide Resonance

37. Reactions of Amides (Hydrolysis and Reduction)