1. Unit 2: Towards Confederation
Chapter 5: War and British Conquest

2. Intro to Chapter 5 What’s Chapter 5 about? P. 139 Struggle for Acadia
We’ll be looking at competitions between Britain and France and how this competition created challenges for different people

3. Why do you think both France and Britain wanted to control Acadia?
Acadia represented a strong military base that they could attack each other from.
Acadia is located where we see the Maritimes today. The Mi'kmaq had established a trading partnership with the French. The French would drain the salt marshes and use the land that the Mi'kmaq traditionally did not use. The French and the Mi'kmaq were working together and the French never attempted to conquer the Mi'kmaq. The Mi'kmaq had married with the French in many cases in Acadia and had firmly put down roots in this area.

4. British Control
In 1713, the British won the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe and gaining control of Acadia became one of their conditions of peace. These peace terms were negotiated in the Treaty of Utrecht. Generally speaking, the British did not establish partnerships with the First Nations like the French did. In the 13 colonies, the British had simply pushed the First Nations off the land. The Mi'kmaq realized this and they fought the British from and this was one of the longest struggles against British colonization in Canadian history.

5. Reflection and Discussion
Can you think of any other struggles that we have had in Canadian society against the ruling government?
How has this struggle affected the people?
Do we see any other struggles by people in Canada today?
Has the government moved anyone from their land?

6. Refer back to the Phases of the Fur Trade that we did last unit
In which phase does the struggle to control Acadia fall? To what extent does the history of the fur trade help explain the struggle for Acadia?

7. What does it mean to…
….have a strategic position? What might strategic position mean in terms of geography and the world in general?

8. The Acadians: Options and Outcomes
History Happens p
The Acadians will be forced to make a choice. How might their identity factor into that choice? What factored into their identity?
Keep this in mind while you read the story and fill out the Pros/Cons sheet

9. History Happens: Homework
Answer the two Respond questions on p. 145 for homework
Question #2 corresponds to the Acadian Options and Outcomes chart (fill in possible outcomes in last row)

10. Build the Big Picture Compare maps on p.142 and 146. What has changed?
The change you see reflects the impact of the rivalry between France and Britain in Europe and other parts of the world

11. The trouble over Louisbourg
The Treaty of Utrecht finally gave Britain control of Acadia in 1713.
After they established their control over the area, the French proceeded to build Louisbourg. This was a military fort which served to monitor and protect all goods coming into Canada.
In 1720, the British captured Louisbourg and the fort is fought over for years.
Finally in 1758 Britain captures Louisbourg during the Seven Years’ War.

12. Louisbourg and Halifax
The map on p. 146 reflects that competition all on its own. Louisbourg and Halifax were military installations (fortresses).
Why you think France and Britain would each build a fortress in Acadia? Think back to “strategic position”
Acadia was the gateway to the St.Lawrence river and to the major settlements of New France (Quebec, Trois-Riviere and Montreal) so the key to defensive position for France. It was also a key defensive position for the Thirteen Colonies, since any ships attacking the Thirteen Colonies from New France would pass by Acadia

13. Oath of Allegiance
An oath is a formal and serious promise to tell the truth or to do something
When people take an oath, they generally swear on something. Sometimes people choose a religious text, such as the Torah or Bible. Why? Can you think of an example when someone would swear on a Bible?
With a partner, create a list of 4-6 things you may do which may require you to take an oath? Next, state why these careers or jobs would require you to take an oath.

14. The Great Deportation p. 148-151
We will be learning about how the Acadians handled the pressure to choose sides in the conflict.
Personal connection:
Have you ever experienced pressure to take sides in a conflict?
What are some advantages of choosing sides? What are some disadvantages?
Read p

15. The Great Deportation p. 148-151
In 1713, Britain took control of Acadia and told the Acadians that they had one year to leave. The Acadians did not want to leave this area because it took them so long to clear the land for their farms. Most decided to stay in the area. In 1730, the British required the Acadians to take an oath of neutrality (which stated that they wouldn't fight against the British in the war against the French).
Later in 1755, the British forced the Acadians to take an oath of allegiance-which said the Acadians would fight against the French alongside the British. When the Acadians refused, Britain decided to deport them. This became known as the Great Deportation. This had an adverse affect on the Mikmaq people because many had married Acadians so families were now divided as a result of this.

16. Respond Questions p. 151
#1-3

17. Conflict and Identity
Of the 5 bullet points that are listed on p.152, which one do you think is the most important point?
Do you think each point made a difference in Britain’s decision?

18. Remembering the Deportation
Divide into groups of 4
Read the interview by Professor Landry on p together (but do not read the newspaper article yet)
Summarize the article in no more than 4 short points

19. Remembering the Deportation
In your same groups, read the newspaper article on p.154 together
Summarize the article in no more than 2 short points

20. Apologizing for the past
How does apologizing for the past affect the present and future generations?
Should there be a time limit on responsibility for the past?

21. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
The battle of the Plains of Abraham was a decisive battle in Canadian history. The British captured Quebec in this battle and defeated the military stronghold of New France. The British and French had fought over Quebec City for some time and the fort had traded hands numerous times.
The French had the city of Quebec surrounded in 1760 and would have probably taken it had British ships not arrived before the French and brought supplies and troops.
The British eventually won this decisive battle and now had control over North America.
What do you think would have happened if French ships would have arrived first? How would that affect us a country?

22. British Conquest of North America p. 155
The Seven Years’ War
Britain and France were fighting in 1754 and were struggling to control the Ohio Valley in North America. By 1760, Britain had seized control of Quebec but that only caused the war to spill over into other parts of Europe.
The war eventually ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Under the Treaty, France kept Guadeloupe and a small base in North America, along with the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. France gave up all their other claims in North America.
The Treaty of Paris was an agreement between Britain and France that ended the 7 Years War in Basically, France gave up nearly all of their territory in North America.
Why do you think France agreed to this?

23. History Happens: It Only Lasted an Hour
Read article on p. 156
Songs of Heroism
Listen to songs and follow along with lyrics
Each song presents a perspective on one of the two famous generals involved in the battle – Louis-Joseph le Marquis de Montcalm of France and James Wolfe of Britain
What point does the song make? What is the purpose of the song: to inform, persuade, or entertain?

24. Moment in History:
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
P. 157

25. Britain’s Victory: Change and Challenges
P. 158
Review: What was the Treaty of Paris?

26. Pontiac and Vaudrieul
Divide class, one half read Pontiac and one half read Vaudrieul
Share and compare

27. Minwewah, Anishinabe leader
“Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not conquered us! We are not your slaves. These lakes, these woods, and mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none.” How does he see the relationship of his people to the French and the British?

28. Respond, p. 162

29. How did Britain establish control?
Britain was struggling to attain lasting peace in North America in The British government was dealing with the challenges of the First Nations rebellion led by Pontiac and they still needed to control the French in Quebec. The British believed that they needed to assimilate the French.
What does the term assimilation mean? (Discuss the sponge analogy)

30. The Royal Proclamation of 1763
The British decided to pass the Proclamation Act and it outlined the following:
Established the province of Quebec with a British style government. The colony would have a governor and an appointed council. They promised an elected council but didn't follow through with this for almost 30 years.
Disallowed Catholics from holding positions in the government.
Abolished French civil law. These laws established taxes and tithes (a payment to support a church, based on one-tenth of a person's income).
Encouraged settlers from the 13 colonies to move into Quebec (in order to assimilate the French).
The Proclamation Act also sought to make peace with the First Nations by establishing a Proclamation line, which separated the 13 Colonies from "Indian Territory" and no settlement could occur in "Indian Territory," unless settlers had reached an agreement with the First Nations.
As a class, read p

31. Activity
Pretend that you are a political advisor to Britain. What advice would you give them regarding the Royal Proclamation Act? What changes would you make? What are the good things about the Act?
Are there any compromises you could make to the Act that would make more people happy? Share your response with the class.

32. Review: Problem-Solution model
Britain deported the Acadians, starting in Britain didn’t trust them in a conflict.
Problem: Britain didn’t trust the Acadians in a war with France.
Solution: Britain deported the Acadians.
Britain is about to face a similar problem, but this time Britain comes up with an entirely different solution

33. Quebec Act of 1774
Britain that the Canadiens (french people living in Quebec) would possibly join the 13 colonies if they rebelled against the British. The British decided that the best plan of action would be to appease them and return some of the rights that were taken away during the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

34. A Bilingual Balancing Act: Examining the Quebec Act
The Quebec Act would help to ensure that French language and culture was preserved in Quebec. It outline the following:
People in Quebec could practise their religion (Catholicism).
Allowed Canadiens to hold government positions, once they had taken an oath of loyalty to Britain.
Reinstated French civil law.
Extended the geographic boundaries of Quebec beyond the Proclamation line and gave them more fur trading territory. Britain changed this proclamation line without consulting the First Nations, who would obviously be affected by these new boundary changes.
Read p as a class.