1. Canadian Association of Radiologists White Paper on Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 
An Tang, MD, MSc, Roger Tam, PhD, Alexandre Cadrin-Chênevert, MD, BIng, Will Guest, MD, PhD, Jaron Chong, MD, Joseph Barfett, BESc, MSc, MD, Leonid Chepelev, MD PhD, Robyn Cairns, MSc, MD, J. Ross Mitchell, PhD, Mark D. Cicero, MD, BESc, FRCPC, Manuel Gaudreau Poudrette, MD, Jacob L. Jaremko, MD, PhD, Caroline Reinhold, MD, MSc, Benoit Gallix, MD, Bruce Gray, MD, FRCPC, Raym Geis, MD, FACR Timothy O'Connell, Paul Babyn, David Koff, Darren Ferguson, Sheldon Derkatch, Alexander Bilbily, Wael Shabana An Tang, MD, MSc, Roger Tam, PhD, Alexandre Cadrin-Chênevert, MD, BIng, Will Guest, MD, PhD, Jaron Chong, MD, Joseph Barfett, BESc, MSc, MD, Leonid Chepelev, MD PhD, Robyn Cairns, MSc, MD, J. Ross Mitchell, PhD, Mark D. Cicero, MD, BESc, FRCPC, Manuel Gaudreau Poudrette, MD, Jacob L. Jaremko, MD, PhD, Caroline Reinhold, MD, MSc, Benoit Gallix, MD, Bruce Gray, MD, FRCPC, Raym Geis, MD, FACR Timothy O'Connell, Paul Babyn, David Koff, Darren Ferguson, Sheldon Derkatch, Alexander Bilbily, Wael Shabana 
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 
Volume 69, Issue 2, Pages (May 2018)
DOI: /j.carj
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2. Figure 1
Venn diagram illustrating the hierarchy of artificial intelligence fields defined in the text.
Adapted from Goodfellow et al [1] with permission from MIT Press.
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal  , DOI: ( /j.carj )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Graph illustrating the impact of data available on performance of traditional machine learning algorithms (that rely on hand-crafted features) and neural networks with few (shallow), moderate (medium), or large (deep) numbers of layers.
Adapted from Easy Solutions, Inc [9] with permission ( This figure is available in colour online at
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal  , DOI: ( /j.carj )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3 Artificial intelligence (AI) in the clinical workflow.
Adapted from Bossuyt et al [39] with permission.
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal  , DOI: ( /j.carj )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Proposed structure and governance of Canadian Association of Radiologists Artificial Intelligence Working Groups. ACR = American College of Radiology; AI = artificial intelligence; CAR = Canadian Association of Radiologists; WG = working group.
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal  , DOI: ( /j.carj )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Tasks vs work. Diagram illustrating the role of radiologists in patient care. Grey boxes indicate classes of tasks accomplished by radiologists. The red box indicates the areas of focus of artificial intelligence techniques in radiology. This figure is available in colour online at
Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal  , DOI: ( /j.carj )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions