1. June 2, 20141 Mobile Computing COE 446 Mobile Ad hoc Networks Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe446.htm

2. June 2, 20142 Many Applications Personal area networking cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch Military environments soldiers, tanks, planes Civilian environments taxi cab network meeting rooms sports stadiums boats, small aircraft Emergency operations search-and-rescue policing and fire fighting

3. June 2, 20143 Why Ad hoc Networks? No infrastructure needed (no routing in fixed wireless) Can be deployed quickly, where there is no wireless communication infrastructure present Can act as an extension to existing networks enhances coverage Cost-effective – cellular spectrum costs $XX billion Adaptive computing and self-configuring Support for heterogeneous computational devices and OSs

4. June 2, 20144 Ad hoc Constraints Dynamic topologies Bandwidth-constrained Constraints on Tx power Infrastructure-less property, no central coordinators hidden terminal, exposed terminal No QoS preservation Load balancing Energy-constrained operation Limited physical security

5. June 2, 20145 Background Table-driven routing protocols Routing Disadvantages On-demand routing protocols Routing Disadvantages Cluster-based routing protocols (Laura Feeney, Infocom 2001) Routing Disadvantages

6. June 2, 20146 DSDV Routing Protocol

7. June 2, 20147 DSDV Routing Protocol (Cont d) Return

8. June 2, 20148 Disadvantages of Table Driven Protocols Routing is achieved by using routing tables maintained by each node The bulk of the complexity in generating and maintaining these routing tables If the topological changes are very frequent, incremental updates will grow in size Return

9. June 2, 20149 S D On-demand Routing Protocol (DSR) 1,8 1,3,8 1,2,8 1,3,8 1,3,4,7,8 1,2,5,8 1,3,4,8 1,3,6,8 8,5,2,1 5,2,1 2,1 X DATA

10. June 2, 201410 timeout AODV Routing Protocol D S X X DATA Return

11. June 2, 201411 Disadvantages of On-demand Protocols Not scalable to large networks, because of the source routing requirement. Furthermore, the need to place the entire route in both route replies and data packets causes a significant overhead. Some of them requires symmetric links between nodes, and hence cannot utilize routes with asymmetric links. Return

12. June 2, 201412 Cluster-based Routing Transmission Range of MT 1

13. June 2, 201413 Cluster-based Routing.. Range of MT 1

14. June 2, 201414 Cooperative Routing vs Direct Sending In simple radio model, a radio dissipates E ele = 50 nJ/bit at the sender and receiver sides. Let us assume the d is the distance between the source and destination, then, the energy loss is d 2. The transmit amplifier at the sender consumes E amp d 2, where E amp = 100 pJ/bit/m2. Therefore, from the sender side, to send one bit at distance d, the required power is E ele + E amp d 2, whereas at the receiver will need is E ele only. Normalizing both by dividing by E amp : P t = E + d 2 and P r = E, where P t and P r are the normalized transmission and reception power respectively, and E = E ele / E amp = 500m 2 At the HCB-model, the power needed for transmission and reception at distance d is: u(d) = P t + P r = 2E + d 2 u(d) = ad α + c Power-aware localized routing in wireless networks Stojmenovic, I.; Lin, X.; Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume 12, Issue 11, Nov. 2001 Page(s):1122 – 1133

15. June 2, 201415 Where in HCB-model α = 2, a = 1, and c = 2E = 1,000 Let us assume that the source S can reach the destination D directly. Let us further assume that there is a middle node between the source and the destination. Let |SA| = x and |SD| = d as in the below Figure d > (c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α If d > (c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α, then there is an intermediate node A between the source and destination such that the retransmission of the packet through A will save the energy. Moreover, the greatest saving is achieved when A in the middle of SD. Cooperative Routing vs Direct Sending..

16. June 2, 201416

17. June 2, 201417 d > (c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α d(a(α-1)/c) 1/α Also if d > (c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α, then the greatest power saving are obtained when the interval SD is divided into n > 1 equal subintervals, where n is the nearest integer to d(a(α-1)/c) 1/α. Cooperative Routing vs Direct Sending..

18. June 2, 201418

19. June 2, 201419 u(d) = ad α + c d(c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α d>(c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α Now the power needed for direct transmission is u(d) = ad α + c, which is optimal when d(c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α, otherwise when d>(c/(a(1-2 1-α ))) 1/α, n-1 is equally spaced nodes can be selected for transmission, n = d(a(α-1)/c) 1/α Where, n = d(a(α-1)/c) 1/α The minimal power: v(d) = dc(a(α-1)/c) 1/α + da(a(α-1)/c) (1-α)/α Cooperative Routing vs Direct Sending..