1. Explain the difference between a point mutation and frameshift mutation
Homework: Study for midterm tomorrow
70 MC choice questions. Use the study guide!

2. Plan for Today Protein Synthesis Overview Notes
Transcription, translation, mutations practice
Mutations Challenge
Osmosis Quick Review

3. Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins in a cell
Proteins are made of amino acids
They are needed to do the work of a cell
Two steps
1. Transcription
2. Translation

4. Transcription DNA  mRNA Takes place in the nucleus
RNA polymerase ‘reads’ the DNA sequence and base pairs with mRNA nucleotides
DNA: AGCGGGT
RNA: UCGCCCA

5. Translation Takes place in the cytoplasm
mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to the ribosome
mRNA is ‘read’ three letters at a time (codon)
tRNA base pairs with mRNA to bring the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome
Amino acids are chained together by peptide bonds
End result: A chain of amino acids=protein

6. Mutations 1. Frameshift Mutations- a base pair is added or deleted
Changes every codon after the mutation, which changes more amino acids
2. Point Mutations- a base pair is substituted for another one
Will only change 1 amino acid, but can still cause damage (sickle cell)

7. Protein Synthesis Practice
Complete the activity with your group
Ask questions!!

8. Mutation Challenge As a group, complete the mutation challenge
Goal: Make as many mutations to the DNA as you can WITHOUT changes the amino acid sequence
Hint: Begin with finding the ‘normal’ amino acid sequence