1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body – An Orientation
Introduction
Compare/contrast Anatomy & Physiology.
Are the following considered Gross or Histology?
Anatomy and physiology are always related. Structure determines function.
Levels of organization:
Simplest level is the atomic or chemical level.
Levels of living structure: Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

3. Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

4. II. System Overview Integumentary
Skin (External covering) & its derivatives.
Waterproofs, cushions and protects organs, regulates temperature and excretes salts, protects deeper tissue from injury.
Figure 1.2a

5. Organ System Overview Skeletal Bones, cartilage and ligaments.
Protects, provides framework, movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells.
Figure 1.2b

6. Organ System Overview Muscular Skeletal muscles.
Movement & produces heat.
Figure 1.2c

7. Organ System Overview Nervous Nerves, brain and spinal cord.
Fast-acting control system & responds to internal and external change.
Figure 1.2d

8. Organ System Overview Endocrine Ductless glands.
Controls slow, long lasting processes by producing hormones.
Figure 1.2e

9. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Heart, blood and vessels
Transports materials and protects from invaders
Figure 1.2f

10. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Lymph nodes, lymph and vessels.
Returns fluid to blood and fight infection.
Figure 1.2g

11. Organ System Overview Respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Figure 1.2h

12. Organ System Overview Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver and pancreas.
Breaks down and absorbs food.
Figure 1.2i

13. Organ System Overview Urinary
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
Filters wastes from the blood.
Figure 1.2j

14. Organ System Overview Reproductive
Ovaries, testes and accessory structures.
Produce the gametes for reproduction.
Figure 1.2k

15. III. Necessary Life Functions
Characteristics of Living Things
Maintain boundaries
Move
Responsiveness/Irritability
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Growth
Reproduction

16. III. Necessary Life Functions
Survival needs
Food, oxygen, water and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Feedback
Positive: The response increases the effect of the control mechanism.
Negative: The response stops the effect of the mechanism. (Most common)

17. III. Necessary Life Functions
Control mechanism
Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis.
There are 3 components of a control mechanism.
Receptor: sensor responding to changes.
Control center: determines the maintained level and analyzes the information from receptors to determine proper response.
Effector: The means for the control.

18. Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4

19. IV. The Language of Anatomy
To prevent misunderstanding, there is a set of terms that allow structures to be easily located.
Anatomical position
In anatomy the body is always assumed to be in this position.
The body standing straight, head and palms forward, arms out to the side.

20. Body Landmarks
Figure 1.5a