1. Key issues
Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives
What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset
Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear
How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design
At the beginning of a new session or day remember to recap previous concepts

2. How (to facilitate participation)?
Attitudes and behaviour √
Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools
Good process

3. Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation?
1 Situation analysis
Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
2 Learning & Awareness
Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions
Ecological and traditional knowledge
Stakeholders
Problem trees
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
3 Action Planning
Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies
Issue discussion / ranking
Action plan / matrix
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
4 Monitoring plan
Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up
Link to Action plan

4. Community steps tools 1. What is our situation?
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
Ecological and traditional knowledge
Stakeholders
Problem trees
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
Issue discussion / ranking
Action plan / matrix
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
Link to Action plan
Monitoring plan
Monitor/survey

5. Monitoring video
First half of USP monitoring video (up to specific survey designs)

6. Verata example
Example of Verata community monitoring clams

7. CONCEPT OF MONITORING:
Monitoring is not a new concept and is not only done by scientists or government and NGO workers.
It is part of what we do everyday.

8. Monitoring and research
Why? - OBJECTIVE
Who does it? - COMMUNITY OR OUTSIDERS
For who? - US or THEM
Who owns the results? ????
Who does the work and who pays???
How are we going to benefit from the results?
SO does it make sense?

9. Levels of monitoring - example
Daula village
Need food
Need money
Education, health etc.
Vonu Bulabula NGO
Wants to save the turtle
Wants community wellbeing
International Scientific Community
Find out status of all endangered species
Study “special” or “hotspot” ecosystems
This and next slide attempt to distinguish the different interests involved in monitoring and separate what communities might be trying to get out of it as opposed to scientists and researchers. This is important regarding motivation and whether local people should be paid (maybe for research not directly of interest to them) or not (monitoring of their own plans and problems).

10. International scientific
Monitoring interests at different levels
International scientific
community
# species worldwide
Etc etc.
Vonu Bulabula NGO
Numbers of turtle
Where turtles
Where they go
Community wellbeing
Daula village
# clams
$ income

11. Monitoring/Research
Collecting information (Data) systematically to answer questions
Data:
Must be easy to collect
Must be measurable
Must only be the most important information
The guide for this part of the course is the FLMMA monitoring manual
© FLMMA and USP

12. Belief and Fact Handouts HO from FLMMA – Belief vs fact
© FLMMA and USP

13. SMART Objectives Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time defined
Eg In establishing the closed area we hope to get more fish (parrot fish, grouper, snapper), giant clams and healthy reef by 2014.
© FLMMA and USP

14. Choosing SMART indicators
HO and group work
HO from FLMMA – SMART objectives
© FLMMA and USP

15. Management Action Plan
Issues
Causes
Solutions
Who
When
Q. How will the community know that their management plan is working?
A. Community monitoring

16. Monitoring Plan Establishment of closed marine area Solutions:
Management Activities
SMART Objectives
Best indicators
Monitoring methods and activities
Who to do the survey
Who to be informed of the results
when
Establishment of closed marine area
In establishing the closed area we hope to get more fish (parrot fish, grouper, snapper), giant clams and healthy reef by 2014.
1. abundance of parrot fish, grouper, snapper
2. % live coral cover
3. #s of giant clams
1. Belt Transect, time swim
2. line transect
3. belt transect
Community, TANGO and Fisheries – later community alone
Community, TANGO, Fisheries
Every year during Feb
No more than
2 months after the survey
Example

17. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING SURVEYS CAN HELP US
 To keep track of how many fish/marine resources we are extracting from our fishing area and how much stock is left,
 To know what is in our fishing ground (inventory of resources)
 To understand which resources have been threatened or highly targeted?
 Measure the desired benefits of implemented marine management actions such as closed areas
 To determine whether measures put in place to better conserve marine resources are effective or not
 To determine whether the community needs and project objectives have been met or not
To quantify the biological changes that have occurred and to determine whether or not there is an increase in resource population or not
To affirm PERCEPTIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS to be able to KNOW the ecological and biological changes.
© FLMMA and USP

18. Sampling BIAS How many sites do we sample?
Paired Sampling
How large is an area to be monitored?
How often do we sample?
© FLMMA and USP

19. Sources of bias Different habitats/ depths/ sea bed
Observer preferences or personal agenda
Faulty equipment or layout
Varying methods
© FLMMA and USP

20. 2002 H H H
Group discussion tool. Why in the first transect of 2003 did the researchers not detect an increase in “H’s”? A. Because they didn’t use the same transect line exactly

21. Research Code of Ethics
Confidentiality of information (responses, bio-data etc)
Monitors (biologi, ecologi) must be try to avoid bias as possible
Honesty of interviewer in documenting an interview response.
Simple attitude
From FLMMA
© FLMMA and USP

22. Line Transect Method for Community Monitoring
© FLMMA and USP

23. Session Objectives
Review current monitoring methods currently used and assess usefulness to community needs
Train communities & coral reef managers on Line Transect for monitoring key community indicators (identified by community)
© FLMMA and USP

24. Monitoring video
Second half of USP monitoring video (up to specific survey designs)

25. Choosing where to place permanent transect
If able to survey only 1 site then pick the most representative of what the communities are trying to monitor
Ensure that the number of transects for a site is sufficient to explain the whole site.
You should be able to re-identify your starting point & orientation e.g N-S or left to right for survey at every permanent transect. Use landmarks or stakes.
© FLMMA and USP

26. Fish Transect
One buddy pair lay out ? m transect (or 4 ? x ? m transects separated by 5m breaks)
Examine whole tape: no snags or floating too high
Then….do the FISH TRANSECT first (leave undisturbed for 15 min)
Swim slowly..stop and count every 5 meters – then wait 3 minutes before going to next point.
Suggest IIII (cross for 5) recording method
“rare” animals eg. Manta, sharks, turtles under “comments”
© FLMMA and USP

27. © FLMMA and USP

28. Invertebrates Belt Transect
After Fish Transect…Invertebrate Belt Transect over same
Can keep the same recorder for the whole transect
Make sure to search holes and ledges
© FLMMA and USP

29. Edible sea cucumbers (Holothurians)
© FLMMA and USP

30. Crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci)
© FLMMA and USP

31. Triton shell (Cheronia tritonis)
© FLMMA and USP

32. Fish
© FLMMA and USP

33. 2. Indo-Pacific belt transect
© FLMMA and USP

34. Post Dive On site review of slates and data - all data collected?
Data entry & Analysis ASAP
© FLMMA and USP

35. THE END
© FLMMA and USP

36. Some methods for collecting socio-economic data
Observation
Informal discussion
Semi-structured interview
Focus group interview
Graphic visualization techniques
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
Participatory Learning Action (PLA)
Questionnaire interview
© FLMMA and USP

37. Interviewing approach
Bad
Impolite,
Authoritarian
Hurry and rush
Only interested in the information- not the respondents
Wrong/bad approach, communication did not work well
Wrong timing-fisherman busy
Standing up while fisherman was sitting down.
Good
Respect/trust
Greeting
Polite
Ask for permission
Interviewers attitude is simple and relax
Interview was able to observe what he was selling
Question was directed to
Good communication
Interviewer knows how to approach
Interviewer was able to raise interest of respondents
© FLMMA and USP

38. Remember when socio-economic monitoring
Similar to biological but working with people!!
Make sure community fully supports the monitoring
Respect the respondents situation, busy? In a hurry? Choose a good place and time
Explain why the monitoring is being done, the community decision
Good opportunity to remind of the reasons agreed by community, increases awareness
Respect confidentiality
© FLMMA and USP

39. Approaches to measuring income
Cash income = number of fish sold
Ownership of equipment or goods
Credit used
Savings
Spending (e.g at Kios)
© FLMMA and USP

40. SIZE
Totals
0-4.9
5-9.9
30 +
Simple way of introducing graphs and graphing
© FLMMA and USP

41. SIZE
Totals
0-1
1-2
2-3 I
3-4
4-5
5-6
IIII
6-7 II
7-8
IIIII
8-9
IIIIII
9-10
IIIIIIII
10-11
IIIIIIIIII
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17+
© FLMMA and USP

42. SIZE
Totals
0-1
1-2
2-3 I 1
3-4
4-5
5-6
IIII 4
6-7 II 2
7-8
IIIII
8-9
IIIIII 5
9-10
IIIIIIII 8
10-11
IIIIIIIIII 10
11-12
12-13 6
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17+
Total 53
© FLMMA and USP

43. © FLMMA and USP

44. © FLMMA and USP

45. Community steps tools 1. What is our situation?
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
Ecological and traditional knowledge
Stakeholders
Problem trees
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
Issue discussion / ranking
Action plan / matrix
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
Link to Action plan
Monitoring plan
Monitor/survey
Remind the purpose of monitoring