1. and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s
Rise of New Leaders
and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

2. Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Who Would You Vote For?
Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health.
Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3 I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

3. Who Did You Vote For?
Contestant #3
Contestant #2
Contestant #1

4. Great Depression during 1930s Total Control of State by a Dictator
Black Tuesday stock market crashes
Treaty of Versailles
Great Depression during 1930s
Totalitarianism
Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control -For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism
Total Control of State by a Dictator

5. Describe its characteristics…
Totalitarianism
What is it?
Describe its characteristics…

6. Totalitarianism
Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural)
Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
Strict controls and laws
Military state (secret police, army, military)
Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
One leader (dictator); charismatic
Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
Terror and Fear

7. Totalitarianism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

8. Communism
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from
What is Communism?
LEFT WING
based on theory by Karl Marx
revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”
state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)
Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

9. Fascism
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism?
RIGHT WING
intense nationalism and elitism
totalitarian control
interests of the state more important than individual rights
maintain class system and private ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

10. Nazism
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
What is Nazism?
extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian
based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party
belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”
belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe
Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

11. Nazi Controls

12. Nazi Military State GESTAPO: the Secret State Police
SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SA
SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties
Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east
Wehrmacht: German army
HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units
Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)

17. “The Eternal Jew” Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.
This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

19. Policy of Appeasement Appeasement
willingness to surrender to an aggressors’ demands to avoid war
reduction of international tensions through removal of causes of friction; concessions to disgruntled nations to lessen their tendency to take aggressive actions
How was it used prior to World War II?
Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent countries)
Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of Versailles
Reality
Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda program for Eastern Europe
Positive and Negatives Reasons for appeasement?
From W. Robson, “Twentieth-Century History”, 1973.
There had been nothing weak or foolish about the attitude of the Western leaders. They tried to settle differences by discussion and conciliation, methods that had been highly successful in the 1920s. Their failure was due to the fact that Hitler took consolation for weakness and found that he could get his own way. He could have been stopped earlier but only at the risk of war. Discussion was the method of gentlemen, which explains why Chamberlain and the Western leaders favoured it and Hitler did not

20. Steps to War
Was the Treaty of Versailles truly the cause of World War II?
How did appeasement contribute to World War II?
Why did the League of Nations fail?
What role did “isolationism” play?
Could Hitler have been ‘contained’ at any time prior to 1939?
How did World War II begin? What were the steps to war?