2. Minds-On Think about these different perspectives:
How would an old man born in Ukraine view North American hip hop?
How would a teenager born in Toronto view North American hip hop?

3. How can we apply formalism and archetypes to our analysis?
To know what formalism and archetypes are.
To understand how to approach a piece of literature using formalism and archetype literary theories.
To be able to apply these literary theories and the vocabulary in your analysis of a short story.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

4. What is the Formalist Perspective?
Literature can be read through a variety of lenses.
The formalist perspective concentrates on the form of the literature itself.
“Formalist criticism regards literature as a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms” (Kennedy 1468).
Questions that may be answered from a formalist perspective include:
What is the structure of the piece?
What imagery is used?
What symbols help convey a message?
What is the theme?
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

5. Types of Questions a Formalist Critic would ask:
What is the genre, or form, of the piece of literature?
Who is speaking in the piece of literature?
What is the argument, thesis, or subject of the piece of literature?
What is the structure of the piece of literature?
How does the piece of literature make use of setting?
What do the major and minor characters’ roles? What do they symbolize?

6. Continued….
Are there key statements or conflicts in the piece of literature that appear central to its meaning?
What feelings are evoked as the reader interprets the text?
How does the make use of literary devices (i.e. imagery, setting, characters, metaphors, similes, etc.)?
What meaning can be developed from the text?
What kind of language does the author use to describe, narrate, explain, or otherwise create the world of the literary work? More specifically, what images, similes, metaphors, symbols appear in the work? What is their function? What meanings do they convey?

7. Why Use the Formalist Perspective?
The formalist perspective began in Russia in the early 1920s.
In 1917, the Russian Revolution occurred.
Prior to 1917, Russia romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective.
After 1917, literature began to be observed and analyzed. The formalist perspective allowed literature to be viewed through a scientific lens.
Formalism allows the reader to analyze a literary piece with complete objectivity.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

8. Does all of this sound familiar?
To know what formalism and archetypes are. To understand how to approach a piece of literature using formalism and archetype literary theories.
Does all of this sound familiar?
What are the disadvantages and advantages of formalism? Create a
T-Chart in your notes.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Tropes; Jung; Unconscious

9. Advantages Disadvantages
Does not require much research
Emphasizes the value of literature apart from its context (makes it timeless)
Virtually all critical approaches must begin here
Appreciates literary devices
Text is seen in isolation
Ignores the context of the work
Does not account for allusions
Reduces literature to little more than a collection of rhetorical devices

10. To know what formalism and archetypes are
To know what formalism and archetypes are. To understand how to approach a piece of literature using formalism and archetype literary theories.
Does that seem scary?
Can you handle it?
Use the literary schemes and tropes, and other figures of speech in your analysis.
Schemes are figures of speech that deal with word order, syntax, letters, and sounds, rather than the meaning of words, which involves tropes.
Tropes are figures of speech with an unexpected twist in the meaning of words, as opposed to schemes, which only deal with patterns of words
Perspective; Schemes;
Tropes; Jung; Unconscious

12. What is an archetype? An archetype means “original form”
It refers to the universal symbols, theme, characters and images we find repeated throughout literature
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Tropes; Jung; Unconscious

13. To know what formalism and archetypes are. Another Definition:
In Literary Criticism: Ten Approaches, the editors, E.A. Watson and E.W. Ducharme, discuss archetypal criticism.
It is defined by Watson and Ducharme as “a recurrent, universal pattern or motif holding the same or similar meaning and significance for all individuals in every age and in every part of the world.” (321)
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

14. To know what formalism and archetypes are. Watson & Ducharme write:
“One is able to see that an idea, image, character, setting or theme in a literary work corresponds to or is based upon the same or similar patterns in other works of literature and in present and past religious cultures”. (320)
Archetypal criticism is said to increase both the knowledge of a literary piece and the satisfaction in reading the work
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

15. To know what formalism and archetypes are.
“Archetypal criticism looks in literature for patterns and traces them through works of classical antiquity into modern texts, and interprets those reverberations as symbols or manifestations of universal human conflicts and desires.” (321)
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

16. And this is the description I like best:
Watson and Ducharme further describe the ability of archetypes to move us:
“Great art is durable and always relevant precisely because, in the words of William Faulkner, it ‘grieves on universal bones’”. (321)
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

17. Archetypal Criticism
Archetypal or Mythological Critics look for underlying, recurrent patterns in literature (archetypes)
These patterns reveal universal meaning and basic truths about the human condition for readers regardless of where or when they live
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

18. In simple terms…
An archetype is a pattern in literature , the meaning of which is understood by any reader
An archetype will elicit the same response from a reader of a literary work in China 5000 years ago as it will a reader in Toronto today
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

19. AGREE or DISAGREE?
An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space.
An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal truths and we can learn them by reading
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

20. Archetypes: Where does this idea come from?
Archetypes were first suggested by Carl Jung, pronounced “Young” ( )
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

21. Jungian Psychology
Jung was a psychologist who applied the term archetype to the “primordial images” that spring from our common human experience
Jung suggested that we all share a “collective unconscious” in which all of the history of human experience in contained and to which we all have access through our subconscious minds
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

22. These images, or archetypes are expressed by our subconscious through the myths, religion, dreams, fantasies and literature of the human race
Because we all share in the “collective unconscious”, we all recognize these archetypes or patterns when we see or read them
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

23. Categories of Archetypes
How can I recognize them in literature?

24. Categories of Archetypes
Archetypes can be divided into categories:
Conflicts
Characters
Situations
Themes
Myths
Symbols
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

25. Archetypal Conflicts
These are conflicts we see appear again and again in literature:
Young v. Old
Strong v. Weak
Rich v. Poor
Insiders v. Outsiders
Dreams v. Reality
Men v. Women
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

26. Archetypal Characters
Innocent Youth
Bully
Everyman
Devil
Dreamer
Scapegoat
Outcast
Magician
Shrew (Nag)
Warrior
Dragon Slayer
Outsider
Hero
Seductress
Wanderer

27. Archetypal Situations
Coming of Age
Being Tempted
Making a Sacrifice
Falling from a High Position
Dying
Being Reborn
Loss of Innocence
Quest

28. Archetypal Myths Adam and Eve David and Goliath Garden of Eden
Faust & Mephistopheles
Sampson & Delilah

29. Archetypal Symbols Every symbol is an archetype!
Water
Sea
Garden
Sun
Colours
Flowers
Rain
Fire
Flooding
Animals

30. Circle of Stories
Northrop Frye, an archetypal critic, suggests that literary archetypes can be classified by genre and these genres seem to correspond to the seasons of the year and the life cycle of humanity.
HE’S CANADIAN! WOO HOO! 
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

31. Frye’s Mythos Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Notice how each archetypal genre of literature corresponds to a season
Each of the four genres share characteristics of the genres next to them
You might have encountered this system of classifying archetypes in ENG 3U1.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

32. Why discuss archetypes?
The recognition of patterns in literature, and the understanding the universal truths associated with these patterns can help students of literature to unravel the meaning of the literature we read.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

33. Will it be on a test?
Everything we do has the potential of being on a test.
You should be familiar with the vocabulary and literary theories discussed in this course.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

34. “The Veldt” by Ray Bradbury
On April 27th, you will have a test, which will focus on particular short stories.
The more notes you produce now, the better prepared you will be for the test.
Use the worksheet as a guide; however, you must go “beyond” the worksheet. Disregard the “post reading” exercise.
Perspective; Schemes; Tropes;
Formalism; Archetype; Jung; Unconscious

35. Under-simplified for you by your loving teacher,
Liana Cote Montminy
Under-simplified for you by your loving teacher,