1. Molecules of Life
Organic Compounds

2. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
All major compounds are divided into these 2 major categories.

3. Determine the difference between organic and inorganic compounds…
Your Turn!
Determine the difference between organic and inorganic compounds…
ORGANIC
Glucose – C6H12O6
Glycerol – C3H5O3
Alanine – C3H6NO2
Testosterone – C19H28O2
Benzene – C6H6
INORGANIC
Water – H2O
Carbon Dioxide – CO2
Oxygen – O2
Copper Chloride – CuCl2
Hydrochloric Acid – HCl
Show the students the organic examples. What do they notice? Then show them the inorganic examples. What differences exist between the two groups? Support student observations to note that all the organic compound examples contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not.

4. The element carbon is the key to organic compounds!
Carbon has an atomic number of 6.

5. Your Turn! Draw a diagram of a carbon atom.
Hint:
1st electron shell fills with 2 electrons
2nd electron shell fills with 8 electrons
What observations can you make about carbon?
After the students make their drawing…students should note that carbon has four openings in the outer shell and will look to make covalent bonds with additional atoms.

6. Your Turn! What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
Show the students the three examples and have students draw conclusions about the definitions. Transition into the definition of a macromolecule.

7. Macromolecules of Life Key Vocabulary…
Organic compound = compounds that contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
Inorganic compound = compounds that do NOT have a carbon-hydrogen bond
Monomer = one piece
Polymer = many pieces
Macromolecule = large polymers
Review all of the key vocabulary words that the students have learned.

8. Molecules of Life: Organic Compounds
Essential to the life processes of ALL living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
They are all built from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

9. CARBOHYDRATES (made of C,H and O)
Used by living things as the main source of energy
The breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy for cell activities

10. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES Monomer = Monosaccharide
Most common monosaccharides; a “simple sugars”:
Glucose, fructose, & galactose
ISOMERS – single chemical
formula but have different forms

11. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Disaccharides
Composed of two monosaccharides; a “double sugar”
Ex: sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)
Polysaccharides
Composed of three or more monosaccharides
Ex: glycogen (the way animals store glucose)
Ex: starch (the way plants store glucose)
Ex: cellulose (gives plants strength and rigidity)

12. CARBOHYDRATES Function of simple: quick energy
Function of complex: short term energy storage
Where they are found in the body/cell:
Mitochondria
Chloroplast (plants only)
Liver and muscles

13. LIPIDS (made of C,H, and O)
Used to store energy.
Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings in plants.
Examples of Lipids:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids

14. LIPIDS
Monomer = Fatty Acid
nonpolar

15. LIPIDS: Phospholipids
Make up cell membranes
The carboxyl end (CHO – end) is polar and is attracted to water
HYDROPHILIC
The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and is repelled by water
HYDROPHOBIC

16. LIPIDS Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated Fatty Acids
The carbons in the chain are connected by a single bond and contains the MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGENS

17. LIPIDS Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
There is at LEAST ONE carbon-carbon double bond
Most oils are unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temperature.

18. LIPIDS
Where they are found in the body/cell:
Cell membrane

19. PROTEINS (made of C,H,O, and N)
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
These proteins are known as enzymes.
Some are used to form bones and muscles.
Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

20. PROTEINS Monomer = Amino Acid 20 different amino acids
Long chains of amino acids are known as a polypeptide
Proteins are composed of
one or more polypeptides

21. PROTEINS Where they are found in the body/cell: In the cell membrane
Muscle cells
Throughout the cell/body

22. NUCLEIC ACIDS (made up of C,H,O,N, and P)
Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
Monomer = Nucleotide
Two Types of Nucleic Acids:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

23. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Where they are found in the body/cell:
Nucleus

24. Macromolecule Foldable
Fold each side towards the middle to mimic a set of shutters or a french-style door
Fold in half (hamburger fold), then fold in half again (another hamburger fold)

25. Macromolecule foldable
Front left flap – draw an example of the macromolecule
Front right flap – list the elements
Inside main flap – list the macromolecule, its main functions, and some examples
Inside left flap – list where it is found in the body
Inside right flap – list the monomer

26. Macromolecule Foldable
Fold lengthwise (hot dog fold)
Fold in half (hamburger fold)
Fold in half again (hamburger fold)
Cut one side at folds (3 cuts)

27. Macromolecule Foldable
Write down one organic molecule on each flap (one color for each macromolecules)
On one inside flap:
Draw a picture of the organic molecule
Include 2 examples
On the other inside flap write down the:
Elements found in that macromolecule
Monomer
Function/importance
Location (in the cell/in the body)

28. Organic Macromolecule Lab
Lab station
Exp. Grp 1
Exp. Grp 2
Cntrl Grp 1 A B E 2 C D 3 4 5 6 7 8
Each group will test 2 different unknown solutions and one control group (see table)
Follow the directions carefully and accurately
Follow all lab safety
Wash all glassware between each trial and when you are finished

29. Condensation Reactions…
monomers link to form polymers.
through the process, water is made as a byproduct
Remember: Condensation reactions are when monomers come together to make polymers.

30. Condensation Reaction+
H2O

31. Hydrolysis… The addition of water molecules to break down polymers
It is the OPPOSITE of condensation reactions.

32. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP…
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a very important energy compound for cells.
WATER H + OH
Adenosine Diphosphate