1. Evolution Life wants to live.
Environments change, therefore organisms must adapt to that change in order to survive

2. The characteristics of a species can be changed by:
selective breeding
natural selection
genetic engineering

3. Selective breeding
Humans taking charge of selection (breeding) to produce new varieties of various species.

4. Humans breed dogs for desired characteristics.

5. Shasta daisies and Russet Potatoes were some of Luther Burbank’s
most successful creations by the process of selective breeding

6. Number of generations needed for change very many many one
Natural selection
Selective breeding
Genetic engineering
Number of generations needed for change
very many
many
one
Human intervention
not needed
needed
Desired outcome known? no
yes
New species formed?
Notes
This is the mechanism of change in Darwin's theory of evolution
This is how new varieties or breeds are usually produced
Genetic information can come from the same species or from a different one
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7. Outbreeding
The mating of organisms with very different characteristics. The effect is genetic hybridization
Ex. One tall plant with one short plant T t t Tt tt t Tt tt

8. Inbreeding
The mating of very similar individuals to keep certain traits present.
Ex. The mating of two tall plant keeps all the offspring tall. T T T TT TT t Tt Tt

9. Inbreeding/Outbreeding

10. Scientists recognize that if Humans can create so much diversity through selective breeding, that it is possible these animals would have mated anyway and would have created this diversity on their own.
This =Natural Selection

11. Over time, a species appearance, and behavior can adapt and change.
Natural selection
The individuals in any population with the inherited features best suited to the environment in which they live are most likely to survive and reproduce.
When they do, they pass on the genetic information for these features to their offspring.  
Over time, a species appearance, and behavior can adapt and change.
They may even become a new species, unable to reproduce successfully with individuals of the original species.

12. Who was Charles Darwin? What were his ideas about Natural Selection
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactus
eater
Warbler
finch
Tree finches
Ground finches 12

13. Charles Darwin Proposed a way how evolution works
How did creatures change over time?
by natural selection
Collected a lot of evidence to support his ideas
Lived
British naturalist
What did Darwin say?
What evidence supports Evolution by Natural Selection?
What impact did Evolution have on biology? 13

14. Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Stopped in Galapagos Islands
500 miles off coast of Ecuador
The origin of the fauna of the Galapagos, 900 km west of the South American coast, especially puzzled Darwin.
On further study after his voyage, Darwin noted that while most of the animal species on the Galapagos lived nowhere else, they resembled species living on the South American mainland.
It seemed that the islands had been colonized by plants and animals from the mainland that had then diversified on the different islands 14

15. Galapagos
Recently formed volcanic islands. Most of animals on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they look like species living on South American mainland.
800 km west of Ecuador 15

16. Darwin found…many unique species
Many of Darwin’s observations made him wonder… Why?
Darwin asked:
Why were these creatures found only on the Galapagos Islands? 16

17. Darwin found…clues in the fossils
present day Armadillos
Darwin found…clues in the fossils
Darwin found:
Evidence that creatures have changed over time
ancient Armadillo
Darwin asked:
Why should extinct armadillos & modern armadillos be found on same continent? 17

18. But Darwin found… a lot of finches
Darwin was amazed to find out:
All 14 species of birds were finches… How did they get to the island?
But there is only one species of finch on the mainland!
Large ground finch
Darwin asked:
If the Galapagos finches came from the mainland, why are they so different now?
Warbler finch
Tree finch
Woodpecker?
Warbler?

19. The finches cinched it! Darwin said:
Ahaaaa! A flock of South American finches were stranded on the Galapagos…
Darwin found:
The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate.
Finch?
Sparrow?
Woodpecker?
Warbler?
Large ground finch
Big seed eater
Small seed eater
Small ground finch
Warbler finch
Insect eater
Tree finch
Leaf & bud eater

20. The finches cinched it! Darwin found:
The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate.
He hypothesized that those that had variations better adapted to the food source would be more successful breeding.
Big seed eater
Insect eater
Leaf & bud eater
Warbler finch

21. The finches cinched it! Darwin found:
The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate.
different beaks are inherited variations
serve as adaptations that help birds compete for food
these birds survive & pass on the genes for those more fit beaks
over time nature selected for different species with different beaks depending on the food source

22. Charles Darwin took his research and hypothesis and published his book The Origin of Species by Natural Selection
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactus
eater
Warbler
finch
Tree finches
Ground finches
Lets examine the main precepts
and supporting evidence. 22

23. Descent with Modification by Natural Selection
Darwin logically states if all living things come from other living things then modern day life must have descended from common ancestors.
Newer forms of life in the fossil record are actually modified descendents of older species.
Populations are modified by limiting factors, such as war, disease, lack of food, or lack of space, predators, or climate changes.

24. Evidence of Evolution Homologous structures Analogous structures
Beaks of birds
Forelimbs of vertebrates
Similarities in embryology
DNA
DNA fingerprinting
Analogous structures
Bird and insect wings
Vestigial structures
Human appendix
Whale leg bones

25. Homologous structures. Vestigial structures

29. Supportive Geology review
Steno- Law of superposition
Relative age, Absolute age

30. Fossils.. How to read bones?
Who came first?
Law of superposition, succession of forms,

31. Closer related would have more traits in common.
Evidence of change
If natural selection is happening then organisms are in a constant state of change equaled to that of their environment.
Common ancestor
Closer related would have
more traits in common.
Where could you find these
common traits?
Cladistics
Patterns in evolution

33. Patterns of Evolution
Co-evolution

34. Convergent Evolution: Recurrence of Form
Organisms that look remarkably alike are sometimes the result of convergent evolution — although they look similar, they evolved not from an immediate common ancestor with their traits, but within separate lineages that initially lacked them.
                                                                                        
Compare the torpedo-shaped body of a fish with the body of a swimming mammal, like a dolphin or a whale. The first mammals were terrestrial and walked on four limbs. As the ancestors of the cetaceans adapted to swimming, their limbs were reduced and their body shape converged on the typical fish shape.

35. Divergent Evolution
Adaptive Radiation

36. Genetic sequences…