1. 1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for
new Crusade
Fourth Crusade
1202 Crusaders gather at Venice
1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up
Latin Empire there (until 1261)

2. 1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt,
take Damietta (in 1219)
1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders
Al-Kamil (r )

3. 1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor,
), takes crusading vow, but
delays and is excommunicated
1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick
1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land

4. Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover
of Jerusalem with al-Kamil
Dome of the Rock Aqsa Mosque
17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in
Jerusalem
1244 Turks take Jerusalem

5. June 1249 Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70)
takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r ) dies,
but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death
Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture
Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner
May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule
until 1517)
1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria

6. 1268 Mamluks take Antioch
1289 Mamluks take Tripoli
1291 Mamluks take Acre

7. Criticism of crusading:
Innocent III directing Crusades against
pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians,
), but also political opponents
Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212),
Shepherds’ Crusade (1251)
Blame of military orders
Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)

8. Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis
of Assisi ( ) preaches to
al-Kamil

9. Impact of the Crusades:
On bureaucracies
On women
On Jews
On trade and exploration
On the Muslim world