1. Two essential components of culture are norms and values
Two essential components of culture are norms and values. There are several types of norms—folkways, mores, and laws. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms.
Section 3-Preview

2. norms folkways mores taboo law sanctions formal sanctions
informal sanctions
values
Section 3-Key Terms

3. Section 3-Polling Question
In your opinion, which of the following values most closely identifies with American culture?
A. Belief in God
B. Achievement and success
C. Democracy
D. Equality A B C D
Section 3-Polling Question

4. Norms: The Rules We Live By
Norms are rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Norms are so engrained in humans that they guide behavior without awareness.
Cultural Etiquette
Section 3

5. B. Completing classwork C. Sitting still D. All of the above
Which of the following is a norm that affects behavior in the classroom?
A. Showing respect
B. Completing classwork
C. Sitting still
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 3

6. Folkways, Mores, and Laws
There are three types of norms:
Folkways—rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling and behaving but lack moral overtones.
Mores—norms of great moral significance.
Taboo—a norm so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group.
Patterns of Tourism
Section 3

7. Folkways, Mores, and Laws (cont.)
Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials.
Silly Laws Still on the Books
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8. Which of the following do you think has the most influence on our laws?
A. Mores
B. Folkways
C. Taboos A B C
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9. Enforcing the Rules
Sanctions are rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms, either formally or informally.
Formal sanctions are sanctions that may be applied, for positive or negative reasons, only by officially designated persons, such as judges and teachers.
Section 3

10. Enforcing the Rules (cont.)
Informal sanctions can be applied by most members of a group, also for positive or negative reasons.
Section 3

11. Is earning the Congressional Medal of Honor a formal or informal sanction?
A. Informal
B. Formal
C. Not sure A B C
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12. Values—The Basis for Norms
Values are broad ideas about what most people in a society consider to be desirable.
Different groups in the same society can have different norms based on the same value.
Section 3

13. Values—The Basis for Norms (cont.)
Values have a tremendous influence on human social behavior because they form the basis for norms.
The Norm Kite
Section 3

14. Which list follows the “Norm Kite” diagram (from top to bottom)?
A. Norms—Values—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Sanctions
B. Sanctions—Norms—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Values
C. Sanctions—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Values
D. Values—Sanctions—Folkways, Mores, Laws—Norms A B C D
Section 3

15. Basic Values in the United States
According to sociologist Robin Williams (1970), some of the important values that guide the values of most people in the United States are as follows:
Achievement and success
Activity and work
Efficiency and practicality
Equality
Democracy
Group superiority
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16. Basic Values in the United States (cont.)
Although many of these values have remained the same over the years, some have changed.
Section 3

17. A. Achievement and success B. Activity and work
Which of Williams’s values do you feel is the least influential in American society?
A. Achievement and success
B. Activity and work
C. Efficiency and practicality
D. Equality A B C D
Section 3

18. Section 3-End

19. Besides norms and values, beliefs and physical objects make up culture
Besides norms and values, beliefs and physical objects make up culture. Ideal culture includes the guidelines we claim to accept, while real culture describes how we actually behave.
Section 4-Preview

20. nonmaterial culture beliefs material culture ideal culture
real culture
Section 4-Key Terms

21. Section 4-Polling Question
Which do you think is a more accurate representation of our culture?
A. Nonmaterial culture which includes beliefs, ideas, and knowledge
B. Material culture which includes tangible objects
C. None of the above A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

22. Beliefs and Physical Objects
The nonmaterial culture involves beliefs, ideas, and knowledge.
The material culture is about how we relate to physical objects. It consists of the concrete, tangible objects within a culture.
Section 4

23. Beliefs and Physical Objects (cont.)
Beliefs are ideas about the nature of reality.
People base their behavior on what they believe, even if their belief might not be true.
The uses and meanings of physical objects can vary among societies depending on the beliefs, norms and values people hold with regard to the object.
Section 4

24. All of the following are representative of material culture EXCEPT
A. Books
B. Art
C. Religion
D. Cars A B C
Section 4

25. Ideal and Real Culture
A gap exists between cultural guidelines and actual behavior, captured by the following two concepts:
Ideal culture refers to cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society.
Real culture refers to actual behavior patterns, which often conflict with these guidelines.
Section 4

26. A B C Do you believe that a gap exists between ideal and real culture?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure A B C
Section 4