1. Rock Cycle and Types of Rocks

2. Terms to Know Rock: a mixture of naturally occurring minerals
Ex: Sandstone, Granite, Slate, etc
But sometimes rocks can also be made entirely of non-mineral material; Coal is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of organically derived carbon (coal is made of prehistoric plants)
Mineral: any naturally occurring inorganic chemical solid; they are the building blocks of rocks
There are over 4,000 of them
They have a crystalline structure
Ex: Gold, Copper, Uranium, Calcite, Quartz

3. Rock Forming Minerals
The 8 most common elements combine chemically with one another to make the 6 main minerals which account for 90% of the minerals in Earth's crust.
These “rock forming minerals” are:
Feldspar
Quartz
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Mica

4. Igneous Rocks Granite Basalt Pumice Obsidian Gabbro
Igneous Rock is formed when magma cools and hardens.
Magma that erupts onto the surface is called lava.
Granite
Basalt
Pumice
Obsidian
Gabbro

5. Crystals in Igneous Rocks
When magma cools slowly underground the crystals are large enough to see.
When it cools quickly on the surface, the crystals are very small and you would need a magnifier or a microscope to see them.
Sometimes, when the magma cools very quickly, it forms a kind of black glass that you cannot see through.

6. Sedimentary Rocks Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Limestone
Sedimentary Rock forms from particles, called sediment, that are worn off other rocks.
The sediment gets turned into rock by being buried and compacted by pressure from the weight above it. These rocks often contain fossils.
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Shale
Limestone

7. The sediments that form into sedimentary rocks are sand, silt, and clay.
Sand has the largest particles while clay has the smallest.

8. Metamorphic Rocks Gneiss Schist Slate Marble
Metamorphic Rock is rock that has been transformed by great heat or pressure. It is buried very deep in the earth's crust and sometimes happens when mountains are being made or two plates are pushing against each other.
Gneiss
Schist
Slate
Marble

9. Weathering, Erosion, Deposition
Rock Cycle
Bill Nye will explain, 3:58
Magma
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Melting
Cools and hardens
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition
Heat and pressure

11. Gemstones
Rare, beautiful minerals, usually colourful and polished until they are clear and shiny

12. Diamond A very hard mineral, a type of carbon
Usually colourless, but there are rarer coloured kinds
The most expensive ever is the Pink Star that was sold this past spring for $71 million (world record)

13. Rubies and Sapphires
Rubies and sapphires are the same mineral (corundum).
Both have the same chemical composition and mineral structure.
Trace amounts of impurities determine if a corundum will be a brilliant red ruby or a beautiful blue sapphire.

14. Emeralds
Emeralds are gem-quality specimens of the beryl mineral family with a rich, distinctly green color.

15. Things That Look Like Rocks But Aren’t
Beach Glass: bits of glass smoothed down by water
Brick Pebble: a piece of man- made brick smoothed down
Petrified Wood: a fossil that forms when plants are buried by sediment and protected from decay by oxygen and organisms. Then, groundwater rich in dissolved solids flows through the sediment replacing the original plant material with different minerals.

16. Geodes
Can often be found in Volcanic rock because it tends to have bubbles
Groundwater (carrying dissolved minerals) seeps into these hollow pockets and form layers and crystals
If the crystal completely fills up the hollow space it is now called a Nodule