1. Expanding Public Education
Chapter 8 Section 2

2. Expanding Public Education
Reality – The majority of students who went to school left after 4 years and few went to high school
Most southern states did not have public education systems before the Civil War
Reform movements looked to:
extend public education to more children
increase the # of years of mandatory school attendance
lengthen the school year

3. School Reform 12 to 16 weeks a year 8-14 years of age
Curriculum emphasized
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic
Rote Memorization

4. School Reform Criticisms of Education at the turn of the Century
Rote Memorization
Uneven Quality of Teachers
Strict Rules and Physical Punishment
(See page 283 Personal Voice)

5. More Students Go to School
Kindergarten – originally created outside the public school system offered daycare for working mothers
% of white children attend school
Only 37 % of African American children attend school (Discrimination)

6. More Students Go to High School
Public High Schools Increase in #
More students begin to attend high school
Half a million attend at the turn of the century
Curriculum focused on:
Science
Civics
Home Economics
History
Literature
Vocational Classes

7. More Students Go to High School
Vocational Classes: Prepare students for industrial jobs and skilled labor
drafting, carpentry, mechanics (boys),
secretarial skills and bookkeeping (girls)

8. Racial Discrimination in Schools
African Americans mostly excluded from H.S.
1890 – less than 1% attend H.S.
2 out of 3 of those attended private schools
1910 – 3% African Americans attended, but still in private schools

9. Education for Immigrants
Immigrants were encouraged to attend school for the Americanization Movement
Most immigrant children went to free, public schools where they became quickly Americanized
Catholics started their own private schools (parochial) because of the mandatory readings from the King James Bible and the non-observance of holy days and saint holidays

10. Adult Education
Adult Immigrants attended night schools to learn English and quality for citizenship
Henry Ford provided programs for his employees through the “Sociology Department”
Sent caseworkers into employees homes to ensure immigrants were taught:
English
American Ways
“The Right Way to Live”

11. Expanded Higher Education
Turn of the Century only 2.3 % of attended college or university
Middle and Upper Class Only
Goal was to prepare well-to-do young men for careers in business or the professions

12. Changes in Universities
Industrial Development changed the educational needs at all levels
Public Schools only required H.S. diploma
Universities instituted the Research College in response to industry
Research College offered courses in modern language, engineering, economics, physical science, psychology, sociology, law, and medicine

13. Research Colleges Modern Curriculum (see previous slide)
Founded by Industrialist to ensure supply of engineers and scientists
Stanford University (Mr. & Mrs. Leland Stanford)
University of Chicago (John D. Rockefeller)

14. Higher Education for African Americans
After the Civil War African Americans could pursue a college education.
Numerous all-black colleges opened
Howard University
Atlanta University
Fisk University
Hampton Institute

15. W.E.B. Du Bois 1st African American to receive doctorate from Harvard
Raised in a middle class family in the north
Niagara Movement: Blacks should seek a liberal arts education to provide well educated leaders for the African American Community
Top-Down Integration – Top 10% gain immediate integration into white society

16. Booker T. Washington Born into slavery Graduate of Hampton University
Founded Tuskegee Institute
Agricultural, Domestic, and Mechanical Training
Bottom-Up Integration: Believed racism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved economic value to society. Gradual Integration.