1. The Skill/Strategy- based Approach

2. Skill vs Strategies (CLT, 1970)
Skill: Acquired ability unconsciously
Strategy: conscious procedure

3. Skills related activities
Lower-order skills
Guessing the meaning of unknown words
Language related skills
Higher-order skills
Inferring what is not explicitly stated in the text
Identifying the main idea: Reason related skills ()

4. Strategy (mid 1980)
Readers as an Active agents who direct their own cognitive resources in reading.
(scanning for specific information)

5. Guessing the meaning of an unknown words strategy
Identifying parts of speech of the word,
Analysing morphological components of the word,
Making use of any related phrases or relative clauses in the nearby context, analysing the relationships between the surrounding clauses and sentences, etc.
Grammar related strategies
Discourse-related strategies
Strategies solving ambiguity by inferencing, etc.

6. Skill/strategy –based reading materials seem to share in common are
A view that in order to read effectively, readers need a range of skills (decoding, linguistic knowledge etc.) and strategies (use of content knowledge and experience)
An awareness that different readers may have different reading problems
A view that guided practice will help learners learn necessary skills and strategies.

7. Sample.

8. The schema- based Approach

9. Totally based on the readers’ pre-existing knowledge and experience in understanding the meaning of reading texts.
Controversial findings of researches due to varietiness of reader differences in their scheme.

10. Pre-reading activities
Asking learners to discuss, in pairs or in groups, their personal experience related to the theme or the topic of the lesson
Asking learners to consider statements, text titles, illustrations, etc.

11. Questioning in its effectiveness
A schema is a pre-packaged system of stereotyical knowledge and such a fixed structure may not meet the demands imposed by the ever-changing context we find in authentic texts,
The question remains how can we help the learners to activate the relevant memories to achieve comprehension.

12. Navigator

19. Weakness and strengths?

21. 1. Needs listening first to activate their imagination?
1. Needs before reading activity by just looking at the pictures and let them guess about the text to activate their imagination?

24. The schema –Based approach
Reading =P 4 (experience the text, activate the sensory and cognitive areas)
Reading topic related questions
Vocabulary identification.