2. Objectives
1. A definition of planning and an understanding of the purposes of planning
2. Insights into how the major steps of the planning process are related
3. An understanding of the relationship between planning and organizational objectives
4. A knowledge of the areas in which managers should set organizational objectives
5. An appreciation for the potential of a management-by-objectives (MBO) program
6. An understanding of the qualifications and duties of planners and how planners can be evaluated

3. General Characteristics of Planning
This part is an Introducing to Planning and includes:
Defining Planning
Purposes of Planning
Planning: Advantages and Potential Disadvantages
Primacy of Planning

4. Defining Planning Planning:
is the process of determining how the organization can get where it wants to go, and what it will do to accomplish its objectives.
is the systematic development of action programs aimed at reaching agreed-upon business objectives by the process of analyzing, evaluating, and selecting among the opportunities which are foreseen.
Planning is a critical management activity regardless of the organization type.

5. Purposes of Planning
The fundamental purpose of planning: is to help the organization reach its objectives.
Organizational planning has two purposes:
Protective purpose: is to minimize risk by reducing the uncertainties surrounding business conditions and clarifying the consequences of related management actions.
Affirmative purpose: is to increase the degree of organizational success.
Another purpose of planning: is to establish a coordinated effort within the organization.

6. Planning: Advantages and Potential Disadvantages
Advantages (Benefits):
Helps managers to be future-oriented (emphasis on the future).
Enhances decision coordination.
Clear focus (emphasizes) on organizational objectives.
65% of all newly started businesses may not be there after 5 years-They may fail because of not enough planning.
Successful businesses have an established Plan: a formal statement that outlines the objectives the organization is attempting to achieve.

7. Planning: Advantages and Potential Disadvantages
Planning does not eliminate risk. But it helps managers identify and deal with organizational problems before they cause disorder in a business.
Disadvantages (if planning is done incorrectly or excessively):
E.g. overemphasized planning program can take up too much managerial time.
That’s why managers must balance between time spent on planning and time spent on organizing, influencing, and controlling, to avoid neglecting extremely important activities to the success of the organization.
Planning benefits outweigh its disadvantages

8. Primacy of Planning
Planning is the primary/first/foundation management function that precedes and is the basis for the other management function (organizing, influencing, controlling), as they are all based on the result of the planning

9. Primacy of Planning

10. Steps in the Planning Process

11. Steps in the Planning Process
The planning process is dynamic, where effective planners should continuously revisit the planning process.
State organizational objectives
List alternative ways of reaching objectives
Develop premises (assumptions) on which to base each alternative
Choose the best alternative for reaching objectives (by evaluating the assumptions)
Develop (strategic “long” & tactical “short”) plans to pursue the chosen alternative
Put the plans into action

12. Organizational Objectives: Planning’s Foundation

13. Organizational Objectives: Planning’s Foundation
Having a clear view of organizational objectives is the foundation for carrying out the steps of the planning process

14. Defining Organizational Objectives
Organizational Objectives: are the targets toward which the open management system is directed
Organizational Purpose: is what the organization exist to do, given a particular group of customers and customer needs. It flows from the organization mission.
Properly developed org objectives reflect the org purpose.

15. Defining Organizational Objectives

16. Defining Organizational Objectives

17. Defining Organizational Objectives
Profit cannot be the goal. It must be a by-product…
Summary of organizational objectives for businesses:
1. Profit is the motivating force for managers
2. Service to customers justifies the existence of the business
3. Managers have social responsibilities

18. Areas for Organizational Objectives
If managers focus on profit only (single-objective), they will take actions that will make money today with little regard for how profit will be made tomorrow. This endangers the management system.

19. Areas for Organizational Objectives
Key areas to set management system objectives:
1. Market standing (compared to competitors)
2. Innovation
3. Productivity
4. Physical and financial resources
5. Profitability
6. Managerial performance and development
7. Worker performance and attitude
8. Public Responsibility
An Organization should have objectives in all eight areas to maximize its probability of success.

20. Working with Organizational Objectives
An organization should set three types of objectives:
1. Short-term (for how long?)
2. Intermediate-term
3. Long-term
The Principle of the Objective: states that before managers initiate any action, they should clearly determine, understand, and state organizational objectives

21. Working with Organizational Objectives
Developing a Hierarchy of Objectives:
Organizational objectives must be broken down into subobjectives, so that individuals at different levels and sections of the organization know what they must do to help reach the overall org objective.
Hierarchy of Objectives: the overall organizational objective and subobjectives assigned to various people or units of the organization.
Suboptimization: is a condition where subojectives are conflicting or not directly aimed at accomplishing the overall org objectives.
Managers should avoid it by understanding how different parts of org are related to have a related subobjectives.
Managers can solve it by choosing which subobjective would be better to obtain the org overall objective.

22. Developing a Hierarchy of Objectives

23. Working with Organizational Objectives
Guidelines for Establishing Quality Objectives
1. Let those responsible for attaining objectives have voice in setting them (Why?)
2. State objectives as specifically as possible (why?)
3. Relate objectives to specific actions whenever necessary
4. Pinpoint expected results
5. Set goals high enough that employees have to strive to meet them, but not so high that employees give up trying to meet them (why?)
6. Specify when goals are expected to be achieved (how?)
7. Set objectives only in relation to other organizational objectives (why?)
8. State objectives clearly and simply
More explanation in the book

24. Management by Objectives (MBO)
A valuable management tool for profit-oriented as well as nonprofit organizations
The MBO strategy:
1. All individuals are assigned a specialized set of objectives to be reached within a specific period of time (how they are set?)
2. Performance reviews are conducted periodically (why?)
3. Rewards are given to individuals depending on how close they are to the goal

25. Management by Objectives (MBO)
The MBO process (steps):
1. Review organizational objectives
2. Set worker objectives (how?)
3. Monitor progress (When? & how?)
4. Evaluate performance (When?)
5. Give rewards

26. Management by Objectives (MBO)

27. Management by Objectives (MBO)
Factors Necessary for a Successful MBO Program
1) Top management must be committed and set appropriate objectives
2) Managers and subordinates must develop and agree on individual’s goals
3) Employee performance should be evaluated against established objectives
4) Management must follow through on employee performance evaluations

28. Management by Objectives (MBO)
MBO Programs: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
1) Continually emphasize how to achieve organizational goals
2) Secures employee commitment to attaining goals
Disadvantages:
1) Development of objectives can be time consuming
2) Increase the volume of paperwork in an organization
MBO advantages outweigh its disadvantages
Most managers find MBO programs beneficial

29. The Planner
The planner is probably the most important input in the planning subsystem.
They are responsible for:
Developing plans
Advising management on actions to be done to implement those plans

30. The Planner Qualifications of Planners Primary qualifications:
1) Considerable practical experience within organization
2) Know how all parts of the organization function and interrelate
3) Define trends and determine how organization reacts to trends
4) Ability to work well with others

31. The Planner Evaluation of Planners Objective Indicators
Guidelines for evaluating the planners’ performance:
1. Organizational plan is in writing
2. Plan is the result of all elements of management team working together
3. Plan defines present and possible future business of the organization
4. Plan specifically mentions organizational objectives
5. Plan identifies future opportunities and suggests how to take advantage of them
6. Plan emphasizes both internal and external environments
7. Plan describes the attainment of objectives in operational terms
8. Plan includes both long- and short-term recommendations