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Joints and Movements
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Joints Places where bones meet Classified structurally by anatomy
Classified structurally by motion
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Structural Classification
Based on material between bones Fibrous joints- no cavity just fiberous Connective tissue Cartilaginous joints- bones held together by cartilage Synovial joints- have synovial cavity and dense irregular tissue of articular capsule and often ligaments
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Functional Joints Synarthrosis- immoveable
pelvis , sutures,, teeth Amphiarthrosis- slight movement Epiphysis, tibia-fibula, vertebrae and pelvic symphysis Diarthroses- free movement= synovial defined by movement
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Fibrous Joints Little or no movement Suture- e.g. skull (synarthrosis)
joined by thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis- e.g.tibia & fibula= amphiarthrosis Greater distance and amount of dense fibrous material Gomphosis- e.g. tooth root in socket = synarthrosis
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Figure 7.1a
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Figure 7.1b
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Figure 7.1c
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Cartilaginous joint Synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage
E.g epiphyseal plate = synarthrosis Symphysis- fibrocartilage join E.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints = amphiarthrosis
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Figure 7.2a
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Figure 7.2b
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Synovial Joints Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Articular capsule-
Inner layer = synovial secretory membrane Synovial fluid Ligaments Some contain menisci
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Figure 7.3
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Bursae Located where friction can occur
E.g. between skin & bone or bone & tendons, ligaments or other bones Structurally similar to joint capsules- Contain synovial membrane and fluid.
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Figure 7.10a
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Figure 7.10b
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Figure 7.10c
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Figure 7.10d
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Types of motions at synovial joints
Gliding- flat bone surfaces moving across each other Flexion- decrease in angle between articulating bones Extension- Increase in angle between articulating bones Hyperextension Bending beyond 180o degrees e.g. moving humerus backwards behind anatomical position
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Figure 7.4a
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Figure 7.4b
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Figure 7.4c
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Figure 7.4d
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Figure 7.4e
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Figure 7.4f
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Motion (cont.) Abduction- Adduction- Circumduction- Rotation-
Movement of bone away from midline Adduction- Movement of bone toward midline Circumduction- Movement of distal end in a circle Rotation- Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
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Figure 7.5a
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Figure 7.5b
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Figure 7.5c
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Figure 7.6a
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Figure 7.6b
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Figure 7.7a
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Figure 7.7b
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Special Movements Elevation- lift upward Depression- downward movement
Protraction – movement forward Retraction- movement back to anatomical position
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Figure 7.8ab
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Figure 7.8cd
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Special Movements (cont.)
Inversion- move of soles medially Eversion- move soles laterally Dorsiflexion- bending of foot toward dorsum Plantar flexion- bend foot toward plantar surface
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Figure 7.8ef
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Figure 7.8g
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Special Movements (cont.)
Supination- movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward Pronation- movement of forearm so palms face backward or downward
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Figure 7.8h
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Types of Synovial Joints
Planar joints- articulating surfaces flat or slightly curved Hinge joints- convex to concave surface Only do flexion and extension Pivot joints- rounded surface with ring formed by bone and ligament e.g. atlantoaxial joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid joints- convex oval surface to concave oval surface e.g. wrist & metacarpophyangeal joints Saddle joints- one side saddle shaped other sits astride it Ball & socket joints- ball like surface into cup like socket surface Can do flexion/extension, adduction/adduction & rotation
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Figure 7.9a
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Figure 7.9b
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Figure 7.9c
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Figure 7.9d
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Figure 7.9e
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Figure 7.9f
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Aging of Joints Slowing of synovial fluid production
Thinning of articular cartilage Ligaments shorten and lose flexibility Influenced by genetic factors
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