1. CH 5

2. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules
The special
chemicals of life

3. Carbon & water are most important biomolecules to life
1. Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups in organic molecules.
Carbon & water are most important biomolecules to life
Carbon has 4 e- in highest energy level
Can therefore make 4 bonds with other atoms
Carbon bonds with other carbons in various shapes

4. Hydrocarbons= molecules made of C & H ONLY
Good storage of energy (methane gas)
Functional Groups:
Groups of atoms that attach…giving specific properties

5. 2. Relate monomers and polymers.
Biomolecules can be HUGE in number of atoms
Made up of smaller “chunks”=monomers
Less than 50 different types
Large chains of monomers= polymers
4 major groups of biomolecules:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

6. 3. Building & Breaking Polymers
Adding monomers = dehydration reaction (removes water)

7. 3. Building & Breaking Polymers
Breaking polymers= hydrolysis reaction (water is added)

8. 5.1 Vocabulary organic molecule inorganic molecule hydrocarbon
functional group
hydrophilic
monomer
polymer

9. 5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and building materials.
Video Clip

10. Carbohydrates AKA- Carbs 2 Types: Hydrophylic due to hydroxyl groups
Provide immediate energy (sugars)
Stored as longterm energy (starches)
Hydrophylic due to hydroxyl groups

11. Describe the basic structure and function of sugars.
Made of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1
Usually base shape is a carbon ring
Simple sugars = monosaccharides
Glucose, Sucrose, and Galactose
Main supply of energy for cellular work
If not used immediately, will be used to form larger molecules (starches or lipids)

12. Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont.
Disaccharides= two monosaccharides bonded together
Most common: Sucrose
1 glucose bonded to 1 fructose
Common in plant saps

13. Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont.
Polysaccharides= long chains made up of monomers
Ex: starch
Plant starch = in potatoes, corn, rice
Good energy source
Special plant starch for structure: cellulose (we cannot digest) is fiber
Animal version of “starch” = glycogen

14. 5.2 Vocabulary carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide
starch
glycogen
cellulose

15. 5.3 Lipids include fats and steroids
Lipids, Oils, & Fats
Video

16. Characteristic of lipids
AKA: fats (and steroids)
Hydrophobic =avoid water (do not mix with well)
Act as boundaries between watery boundaries
Serve as chemical messengers
Serve to store energy

17. Structure & Function of Fats
3 Carbon chain(glycerol) with 3 fatty acids attached
Saturated: contain maxi # of H & solid at room temp., common in animals
Unsaturated: less than max # of H, liquid at room temp., common in plants
Oils= liquid at room temperature
Insulate body for temperature
Store energy

18. Structure and function of steroids.
Lipids b/c hydrophobic but very different
Carbon skeleton is in 4 fused rings
Some are chemical signals (estrogen & testosterone
Cholesterol: essential in cell membranes
Some forms known for causing heart disease

19. 5.3 Vocabulary lipid hydrophobic fat saturated fat unsaturated fat
steroid
cholesterol

20. 5.4 Proteins perform most functions in cells
Video Clip

21. Proteins 10,000+ types Each with a unique 3-D shape
Shape determines function
Built from 20 different monomers (amino acids)

22. Functions of proteins. Found in hair, muscles
Circulate in bloodstream to protect against microorgansims
Control chemical reactions in cell

23. Structure of amino acids and proteins
Amino Acids: 1 central Carbon with 4 side groups
Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl group
Amine group
? (This is different in each amino acid)
Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions
Form polypeptides (100+ a.a. long)
Each sequence produces a new protein

24. Factors that influence protein shape.
Shape determined by sequence and environmental conditions
Water…pushes & pulls for hydrophylic/hydrophobic
Other environmental changes can ruin the shape of the protein (denaturation)…won’t work
Change in pH
Change in temperature

25. 5.4 Vocabulary
protein
amino acid
polypeptide
denaturation

26. 5.5 Enzymes are Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

27. Enzymes affect activation energy.
Activation energy= energy added to a compound to “weaken” bond
prepares for chemical reaction
Enzymes serve as biological catalysts
Allow reactions to take place at normal cell temperatures (with less energy)
Names typically end in -ase

28. Enzymes shape & function
Enzymes (substrate) fit into compound (active site)
Shape unique to reactants
Shape can be altered like other proteins

29. 5.5 Vocabulary
activation energy
catalyst
enzyme
substrate
active site

30. 11.2 Nuclein Acids store information in the sequence of their units
Nucleic Acid
Video Clip

31. Building blocks of DNA. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids:
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid
All made up of nucleotides:
1 Sugar
1 Phosphate
1 Nitrogen base (4 types)

32. Nitrogen Bases 2 Types of Nitrogen Bases Total of 4 Purines (2)
Pyrimidines (2)
Total of 4

33. DNA's structure and the rules for base pairing in DNA
Sugars and phosphates
Form “backbone”
Nitrogen bases form
“rungs”
DNA is a double
helix

34. Discovery of Structure
1950s Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered double helix shape through X-rays
James Watson and Francis Crick were creating models of DNA… created accurate model after seeing x-rays
Model helped determine: purine pairs with pyrimidine (A & T) (G & C)

35. 11.2 Vocabulary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide
nitrogenous base
pyrimidine
purine
double helix