1. Fundamentals of
Computer Processing 1

2. Computer Sizes Mainframes -- the first Supercomputers -- the largest
Minicomputers -- the first effort to achieve reduced size
Microcomputers -- made possible by microprocessor
PC -- used by one person, or by a few people in the same area
Workstations, lap tops, notebooks, and palmtops 2

3. The Computer Schematic
Processor = Control unit + ALU
The computer is a closed-loop system 3

4. Central Processing Unit
The
Computer
Schematic
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
Control Unit
Primary
Storage Unit
Output
Information
Input Data
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Secondary
Storage
Unit 4

5. Computer History Prior to 1950s Keydriven machines
(some were called bookkeeping machines)
Punched card machines 5

6. Computer History (continued)
first commercial computer (a UNIVAC I) installed at the Census Burea
first computer installed in a business (another UNIVAC I at GE)
Early 1970s -- minicomputers
Late 1970s -- microcomputers (TRS-80, Commodore PET)
IBM PC 6

7. Primary Storage Evolution in storage media: Magnetic drums
Magnetic cores
Integrated circuits (1964) 7

8. Bits and Bytes (KB, MB) RAM and ROM Cache memory
One kilobyte (1KB) is 210 bytes (1,024)
One megabyte (1MB) is 220 bytes (1,048,576) 8

9. Input Devices Keyboard
Ergonomic considerations (human engineering, human factor considerations)
QWERTY keyboard vs. Dvorak keyboard 9

10. Pointing Devices Mouse Trackball Touch screen Light pen
Remote control device 10

11. Source Data Automation (SDA)
Input bottleneck
Optical character recognition (OCR) is big in retailing
Supermarket scanners
Point of sale (POS) terminals
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) was big for banks starting in the late 1950s 11

12. Technologies used for POS Terminals
Mark readers
Barcode readers
Character readers
Handprint readers 12

13. Speech Recognition
Speaker dependent
Speaker independent 13

14. Output Devices Displayed Printed Speech (audio response unit) CRT, VDT
Flat-panel
Printed
Speed
Quality
Speech (audio response unit)
digitized or playback 14

15. Means of Producing Computer Output Computer Displayed Output Devices
Printers
ABC123
Computer
Speech
Output
Devices
Plotters
Microfilm 15

16. Printers Impact Nonimpact Line Character Page Ink jet Laser Dot matrix
Daisy
wheel 16

17. Output Devices (continued)
Plotters
Flatbed
Drum
Microform
Microfilm (roll)
Microfiche (sheet)
Tabular versus graphical versus narrative 17

18. Software
Input and output devices communicate directly with the manager and are considered to have a direct role
Source data automation devices play an indirect role
Two main types of software -- system and application 18

19. System Software Three main types: operating system translators
utilities 19

20. Operating System Basic functions Schedule jobs
Manage hardware and software resources
Maintain system security
Provide for multiprogramming
Handle interrupts
Maintain usage records 20

21. Language Translators Software Generations
First -- machine language
Second -- assemblers
Third -- compilers and interpreters
Procedure-oriented language
Problem-oriented language
Fourth -- natural language (4GL)
Nonprocedural
Types of 4GLs (example: FOCUS) 21

22. 1 2 The Program is Translated Before the Data is Processed Source
Input
Data
Object
Program
Output 22

23. Database Query Language
Fourth-generation Languages Offer Unique Combinations of
Power and User Friendliness
Much
Very
high-level languages
Modeling languages
Database Query Language
Report
writers
DSS
power
Application
generators
Graph
generators
Little
Friendly
Unfriendly
User friendliness 23

24. FOCUS Instructions to Prepare a Report
DEFINE FILE SALES
REGION/A12=DECODE REGION(NE ‘NORTH EAST’
SE ‘SOUTH EAST’ MW ‘MID WEST’
MA ‘MID-ATLANTIC’);
END
TABLE FILE SALES
HEADING CENTER
“PRODUCT UNIT SALES ANALYSIS </1”
SUM UNITS AND ROW-TOTAL AND COLUMN-TOTAL
ACROSS REGION
BY PRODNUM AS ‘PRODUCT NUMBER’

25. Application Software Custom programming versus prewritten packages
Four categories of prewritten packages
1. General business
2. Industry-specific
3. Organizational productivity
GDSS, , project management, forecasting, stat packages 25

26. Application Software (continued)
4. Personal productivity (or application development software)
Word processing
Spreadsheets
Graphics
desktop publishing, etc.
Direct versus indirect roles of software 26

27. Application Software C B I S Software Type DP MIS DSS OA ES
General Business
Industry-specific
Organizational
productivity
Personal
productivity 27

28. User Friendliness Guided dialog Context sensitive help
Menus
Form-filling
Context sensitive help
Help screen or help messages
Graphic user interface (GUI)
Icons, buttons, toolbars, and others 28

29. Error Control Error prevention Error detection Error correction
Protected format
Error detection
Edit routines
Error correction
Edit commands 29

30. Multimedia
Combines different forms of computer output, allows richer communication
Began in late 1980s
Multimedia in business
accounting information systems (documedia)
MIS and DSS via graphs, three-dimensional graphics and animation
office automation; workgroup computing, desktop video
knowledge-based systems

31. Information Specialists
The Multimedia System Development Process
Communications
Professionals
Information Specialists
User
Step 1
Define the problem
Step 2
Design the concept
Step 3
Design the content
Step 4
Write the script
Step 5
Design the graphics
Step 6
Produce the system
Step 7
Conduct user tests
Use the system
Step 8
Step 9
Maintain the system