1. John Carroll’s Model
Compare and contrast Carroll's model of school learning and Huitt's model of the teaching/ learning process discussed in Unit #1 (or a corresponding model from one of the required readings).
Developed by W. Huitt (1999)

2. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
In 1963, John Carroll proposed a model to account for school learning. His major premise was that school learning is a function of time. To be more specific, Carroll proposed that
Time Spent
School Learning
= f
Time Needed

3. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
Carroll defined time spent as a function of
Amount of time available for learning
Opportunity
The extent to which students take advantage of the opportunity to learn
Perseverance

4. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
Carroll proposed the following measures for these variables:
Allocated Time (Amount of time available for learning)
Opportunity
Engagement Rate (Percentage of Allocated Time students were paying attention)
Perseverance

5. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
Carroll proposed engaged time or time-on-task as measure of time spent
Engaged Time = Allocated Time * Engagement Rate
Engaged Time = the number of minutes per school day that students were actually engaged in school work

6. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
Carroll defined time needed as a function of
The ability to learn academic material (IQ)
Aptitude
The preparedness of the student for understanding the specific material to be learned (prerequisite knowledge)
Ability to Understand Instruction
Quality of Instruction
Instruction methods and techniques

7. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
The transactional model of the teaching/learning process presented in this class is derived from a set of models that relate historically to Carroll’s model (McIlrath & Huitt, 1995).
McIlrath, D., & Huitt, W. (1995). The teaching/learning process: A discussion of models. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
There are some significant differences, however.
Carroll was specific; Huitt is generic
Carroll assumes learning is measured by scores on standardized tests of basic skills; Huitt does not

8. John Carroll’s Model of School Learning
Using Carroll's terminology, an equation for Huitt’s model would be
Learning (Output) = f(Context, Input and Classroom Processes).

9. Academic Learning Time
Academic Learning Time (ALT) is the variable that has replaced "time spent" or "engaged time" identified in Carroll's model.
the amount of time students are successfully covering content that will be tested
ALT

10. Academic Learning Time
ALT is a combination of three separate variables:
The percentage of the content covered on the test actually covered by students in the classroom
Content Overlap
Amount of time students are actively involved in the learning process
Involvement
Extent to which students accurately complete the assignments they have been given
Success

11. Academic Learning Time
A high level of Academic Learning Time means that
1) students are covering important (tested/evaluated) content;
2) students are "on-task" most of the class period; and
3) students are successful on most the assignments they complete.

12. Academic Learning Time Academic Learning Time
is a measure of the
QUALITY
as well as
QUANTITY
of time.

13. Time Needed
If “Time to Learn” is held CONSTANT (all students receive the same amount of time-to-learn regardless of aptitude), then Academic Aptitude is the most important variable related to Time Needed.

14. Time Needed
If “Time to Learn” is allowed to VARY (students receive as much time as they need to learn important content), then Prerequisite Knowledge and Quality of Instruction become more important.

15. Variables Omitted In Carroll’s Model
Carroll omitted many important variables in his model:
Planning
Management
School-level and Annual Time Variables
Teacher Efficacy
Context Variables