1. Lesson 2 Quiz Time – Presentation A

2. Q1. If a woman has sex during her period the chances of her getting pregnant are non-existent
FALSE
It is unlikely that a female would become pregnant during her period, however …
sperm can survive 4-7 days inside the female body, increasing the chances of pregnancy
some females have shorter menstrual cycles and menstrual cycles may be disrupted (e.g. by stress) so it’s not possible to predict the time point of her next ovulation

3. Q2. You can’t get pregnant the first time you have sex
FALSE
It is possible to get pregnant if sperm comes into contact with the vagina, whether it is the first time you have sex or not
More than 85 out of 100 sexually active females who are not using any contraceptive method will get pregnant within one year1
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.
Reference:
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.

4. Q3. You can’t get pregnant if the male withdraws before he ejaculates
FALSE
This method frequently fails because small drops of sperm may escape from the penis into the vagina before the male ejaculates. If the withdrawal method is used typically 27% of women will get pregnant within one year1
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.
Reference:
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.

5. Q4. The chance of a woman getting pregnant is one in two million if she only has sex once or twice
FALSE
85 out of 100 sexually active females will become pregnant within a year if they are not using contraception1
There is a chance of getting pregnant every time sperm comes into contact with the vagina
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.
Reference:
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.

6. Q5. If the condom tears during sex, I am still protected because condoms contain a substance that kills sperm
FALSE
Very few condoms are lubricated with spermicide (a chemical that kills sperms). According to research they have no additional benefit in preventing pregnancy2
If the condom tears or splits you are not protected against an unplanned pregnancy or a STI. Replace the torn condom with a new one and visit your doctor or local clinic for emergency contraception within the next few hours
Reference:
2. Condoms: Extra protection. ConsumerReports.org (February 2005). Retrieved on

7. Q6. Wearing two condoms provides double the protection against unplanned pregnancy and STIs
FALSE
Wearing two condoms doesn't work. One may rub against the other and may either come off or split. Wearing two condoms doesn't double your protection, it doubles the chances of something going wrong
Also, you should not use oil-based lubricants with condoms either. It weakens the rubber and could cause them to split

8. Q7. It is unlikely you will get a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) under the age of 25
FALSE!
Since the 1990s, the number of STIs has remained at a high level in most countries3
Worldwide, the largest proportion of STIs is believed to occur in people younger than 25 years4
1. Panchaud C, Singh S, Feivelson D, Darroch JE. Sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in developed countries. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2000; 32: 24-32.
2. ‘Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W  Jr. Sexually transmitted infections among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004; 36: 6-10.
3, Dehne KL, Riedner G. Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: the need for adequate health services. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005
References:
3. WHO. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.
4. Dehne KL, Reidner G. Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: the need for adequate health services. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2005

9. Q8. You don’t have to sleep with lots of people to get an STI
True
You are at an increased risk if you have a number of sexual partners, but anyone can be at risk if they have unprotected sex
If you are not sure about whether you or your partner has an STI, you will need to go for a check-up
There are 340 million new cases of curable STIs (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis) estimated worldwide every year3
Many millions of incurable viral STIs, including an estimated 5 million HIV infections, occur annually5
Remember – some STIs might not cause symptoms, but some can still damage your reproductive system, which could mean you cannot have children later in life, and in severe cases some can be life threatening
References:
3. WHO. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001
5. UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update
1. WHO. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.

10. Q9. The contraceptive pill interferes with the female reproductive system, so she may not be able to have children later
False
The pill is completely reversible, and fertility quickly returns to normal when it is no longer taken
There is a range of pills, and also other types of hormonal contraception, available
The pill works by mimicking the action of hormones that occur naturally in the body
Some pills contain a combination of oestrogen and progestin, which act by preventing an egg being released each month and also thicken the mucus of the entrance to the womb, making it difficult for sperm to get through
Other pills contain progestin only, and work by thickening the mucus of the entrance to the womb and changing the lining of the womb. Some may also prevent ovulation.

11. Q10. Which are the most effective forms of contraception?
Method6
% of women getting pregnant within the first year of use
Typical use6
Perfect use6
No method 85
Withdrawal 27 4
Fertility awareness-based methods 25
--Standard Days method 5
--TwoDay method
--Ovulation method 3
Diaphragm 16 6
Cervical cap7
-- Women who have given birth 32 26
-- Women who have not given birth 9
Condom
--Female 21
--Male 15 2
Combined pill and progestin-only pill 8
0.3
Patch
Vaginal ring
Injection
Intrauterine methods
--Copper T
0.8
0.6
--LNG-IUS
0.2
Implant
0.05
Female sterilisation
0.5
Male sterilisation
0.15
0.1
References:
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Eighteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2004
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.

12. Method
Reliability
No method
Unreliable
Withdrawal
Fertility awareness-based methods
--Standard Days method
Low
--TwoDay method
--Ovulation method
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Condom
--Female
Reasonable
--Male
Combined pill and progestin-only pill
Very high
Patch
Vaginal ring
Injection
Intrauterine methods
--Copper T
--LNG-IUS
Implant
Female sterilisation
Male sterilisation
Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Nelson A, Cates W, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Nineteenth Revised Edition. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2007.

13. Q11. Where can you get contraception and how old do you have to be?
Insert national details for:
Where to get various types of contraception from, e.g. healthcare professionals, family planning clinics, specialist clinics, pharmacies
If you have to pay for the contraception
Legal age of consent for having sex
Age at which you can obtain contraception with and without parental consent

14. Q12. How do you know if you have a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
Common signs of STIs are:8
Unusual discharge of liquid from the vagina or penis
Pain or burning during urination
Genital itching, rashes, lumps or blisters
Pain or bleeding during or after sex
However, symptoms can vary from infection to infection and many STIs have no obvious symptoms (e.g. some chlamydia and gonorrhoea)
Patients may also have more than one infection at any one time
ONLY a test will confirm if you have a STI
Reference: (accessed July 2011)
Reference: 8.