1. Environmental sampling and monitoring
Marek Šír
2018

2. University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
Department of Gaseous and Solid Fuels and Air Protection
Air & Health
Energy & Fuels
Soil & Nature
Water & Treatment
Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels
Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Environmental Technology
Department of Environmental Chemistry
Department of Power Engineering

3. Environmental sampling
Sampling of:
Sediments
Soils
Sand
Water
Biotic samples (fishes, moluscs, crabs, eggs)
Focus on the following contaminants:
Heavy metals (As, Hg, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb)
Organic contaminants (PAHs, petroleum products, PCBs, BFRs, pesticides, dioxines)

4. Sampling plan
Mixed samples formed by several partial samples are taken in various places of the given locality
Sediments are taken by a core sampler into polyethylene containers (V = 500 ml)
Soils are taken by means of a shovel into into polyethylene bags.
Samples are stored in a cold and dark before analysis.

5. Sampling of playgrounds
Exposure path = dermal contact, inhalation of dust, soil ingestion
Based on exposition factor for children established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

6. Analytical procedure Dry matter - gravimetric method
Heavy metals - after mineralization procedure by atomic emission spectrometre 4200 MP AES (Agilent Technologies)
Mercury - directly in solid samples by AMA254 analysator (Altec)
Persistent organic pollutants – after extraction procedure by gas chromatograph Master GC DANI

7. Target heavy metals - toxicity
Arsenic
Central nervous system
Skin
Hair
Mercury
Brain
Liver
Kidney
Immune system
Cadmium
Kidneys
Liver
Testicles
Nickel
Lung
Heart
Immune system
Skin
Chromium
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
Skin
Lead
Long bones
Brain
Liver
Kidney
Placenta

8. Pollution assessment at the site
Comparison with RSL (Regional Screening Levels) (mg/kg) - levels were derived using exposure parameters and factors representing the maximum justifiable chronic exposure based on direct contact with target compounds. Regional screening levels were derived by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
Comparison with local limits and specific limits (Limits for sand on playgorunds)
Comparison (average) contaminant concentration at the site and in background samples – both local and worldwide
Comparison of upstream and downstream sediments
Local hotspot detection - from a point sources of contamination

9. Health risk assesment
Risk exposure to substances with non-carcinogenic effect – average received and absorbed dose with acceptable toxicological intake of the substance is compared. HQ (Hazard Quotient) - represents the risk level
Risk exposure to substances with carcinogenic effect uses parameters - lifetime average daily dose and specific factor (slope factor) are multiplied
ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) - indicator corresponding to the probability of developing cancer with lifetime exposure
Risk-Integrated Software for Cleanups (RISC) was used to assess human health risks in contaminated areas - it can integrate up to fourteen possible exposure pathways,

10. Health risk assesment

12. Example - Human health risks associated with pollutants (Loei)
Contaminant / recipient
Sample
Concentration in soil
(mg / kg)
Parameter
Exposition pathway
Ingestion of soil and dust
Dermal contact of soil and dust
Ingestion of crops -vegetable
Total
As / child
LOE 10
162.17
ELCR
4.4E-05
2.6E-06
8.3E-05
1.3E-04
As / adult
1.9E-06
6.0E-07
5.5E-05
5.8E-05 HQ
1.2
6.8E-02
2.1
3.3
3.4E-02
1.0E-02
9.6E-01
1.0
Cd / child
39.25
1.7E-01
2.5E-04
4.3
4.5
Cd / adult
5.1E-03
5.1E-05
1.8
ELCR >10E-0.4: the risk is unacceptable and serious measures must be immediately taken
HQ >1: potential adverse health effects exist. More research must be done in order to determine any toxic threats

13. Example – pollution of Balkhash city

14. Example - Map Ta Phut Upstream sediments Downstream sediments
As (4.15)
Hg (0.01)
Zn (5.77)
Cd (0.965)
Cu (1,44)
Ni (0.1)
Cr (1,96)
Upstream sediments
As (12.09)
Hg (0.49)
Zn (339.20)
Cd (1.27)
Cu (15.66)
Ni (11.50
Cr (21,32)
Downstream sediments

15. Thanks for your attention