1. Building Blocks of Life
The Macromolecules

2. Carbohydrates
Include:
Sugar
Starch

3. Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1
Most carbohydrates end in –ose
Building block or monomer = monosaccharides

4. Function of Carbohydrates in Cells
Energy – breaking down releases energy that is used INSTANTLY by cells.
Structural Component
Cellulose (found in plant cell walls)

5. Classification of Carbohydrates
Classified by the number of sugar monomers.
Three types of carbohydrates.
Mono Di
Poly

6. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
One suger
Disaccharides
Two sugars
Polysaccharides
Three or more sugars

7. Types of Polysaccharides
Examples:
Glycogen: animal starch stored in the liver and muscles
Cellulose: indigestible in humans: forms cell wall in plants
Starches: used as energy storage
Chitin: Exoskeleton of Insects

8. carbs
glucose
Bonds in small ring structure are easily broken for quick source of energy
starch

9. Lipids - Structure Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Long chains of carbon bonded to hydrogen
The Building block consists of 3fatty acids and 1 glycerol
# of fatty acids may vary: 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid molecules

10. Lipids - Structure
If saturated, there is the maximum number of C-H bonds (think butter)
If unsaturated, there are some C=C (carbons double bonded together), think oil
Structure makes them nonsoluble (not dissolvable) in water

11. saturated
unsaturated
Long chains of carbon-hydrogen bonds have lots of ability to store energy

12. The jobs of this molecule are in living things:
Lipids - Importance
The jobs of this molecule are in living things:
Storage of long term energy in animals
(9 cal/g)
Mainly carbon and hydrogen (more energy than carbohydrates).
Excess carbohydrates stored as lipids
Absorb sunlight in plants
Regulate certain reactions
Fats, wax
Examples in living things:
Phospholipid bilayer
Chlorophyll
Hormones; steroids

13. Function of Lipids 4. Cushion organs.
5. Carriers for vitamins (A, D, E, K ).
6. Raw materials for hormone production (steroids).
7. Insulation for cold weather.

14. fruits, vegetables, baked potatoes.......................
Lipids in Common Foods
% lipid
Food
90-100
cooking oil, shortenings
80-90
butter, margarine
70-80
mayonnaise, pecans
50-70
cheddar cheese, potato chips, chocolate
20-30
frankfurter, groundbeef
10-20
turkey, eggs, avocados, ice cream, french fries
1-10
beans, breakfast cereal
<
fruits, vegetables, baked potatoes

15. Proteins

16. Proteins - Structure
Made up of 20 different amino acids (building block or monomer
A chain of amino acids folds into a 3D shape

17. Proteins - Importance Job of protein:
Play a key role in metabolism (all the body’s reactions)
Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
Aids in immunity
Major structural component: muscles, bones, hair, feathers,
Examples in living things:
Enzymes
Collagen- most abundant, found in ligaments, skin, tendons, bones
Fight infection as antibodies
Carry oxygen as hemoglobin

18. The initial sequence of amino acids tells the protein what job it will do.
Each protein’s unique 3D shape allows it to be designed to attach to only a specific active site in a cell.
Chainof amino acids
3D shape

19. Enzyme’s effects on Activation Energy9

20. Lock & Key Model
o Substrate and Active Site match up like a lock and key.
o The substrate has pressure on bonds causing them to break
o this is an example of a catabolic reaction

21. Lock & Key Model
o Sustrates and Active Site match up like a lock and key.
o The substrates come in close proximity forming bond
o this is an example of a anabolic reaction

22. Induced Fit model
Unlike the Lock&Key model, where the enzyme and the substrate perfectly fit each other, the induced fit model demonstrates how an enzyme can slightly change its shape to tightly fit the substrate.

23. Nucleic Acids

24. Just a Reminder!
DNA – serve the purpose of storing genetic information in a specific sequence.
Important for protein code
RNA – is the gateway between DNA and making a protein.
Transcription & translation.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.

25. Nucleic Acids - Structure
Atoms found in nucleic acids: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phophorous, nitrogen
Many attached nucleotides (monomer or building block) nucleic acid
Each nucleotide consists of sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

26. DNA Nucleotides
Nucleotide

27. Nucleic Acids - Importance
Job of nucleic acids:
Stores hereditary information later translated into proteins
Examples in living things:
DNA, making up chromosomes, is double stranded
RNA, involved in making proteins, is single stranded

28. Double helix can easily unwind so DNA can make a copy of itself during S phase of the cell cycle