1. Foreign Policy in the Early Years

2. Major Foreign Policy Theories
Neutrality:
Staying out of it – not even choosing sides in an arguement
Isolationism:
Avoiding any agreements with other countries; just sticking to yourself
Involvement:
Getting involved in other nations’ situations/problems

3. What should President Adams do to protect American Ships?
Problem:
Britain refused to leave Ohio River Valley
France wanted this to cause a war b/t America and Britain
Chief Justice John Jay sent to Britain to settle
= Jay Treaty  British pull troops from O.R.V
=France views as a betrayal (they don’t like Britain)
=French navy attacks American ships going to Britain (316 American ships taken!)

4. What should President Adams do to protect American Ships?
Solution:
Adams sent three reps. To France to end attacks
Met by secret agents X, Y, and Z “NO PEACE TALKS w/OUT TRIBUTE!”
Tribute = money paid in defeat or to protect
America won’t pay
U.S. built up army and navy and “half war” on sea

5. What should President Adams do to protect American Ships?
Solution part 2:
War not good for country  peace mission
Napoleon stopped seizing ships
End French/American alliance
France won’t pay for ships they had taken
Adams’s popularity down!

6. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Problem – Part 1:
American ships came between French and British fights (each wanted to stop supplies from going to their enemy)
Jefferson tried for neutrality
Got worse; began to impress American sailors
Impressment: Kidnapping
Even open fired on one ship, the Chesapeake

7. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Solution – part 1:
Embargo: Stop trading with other nations
No foreign ships could enter U.S. ports and no American ships could leave except to trade with other Americans
Hoped it would hurt France and Britain’s economy so much they would stop

8. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Outcome – part 1:
Hurt America more than Europe
Act repealed
Attacks continued

9. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Problem – part 2:
Pirates from northern Africa (Barbary States) were taking ships and holding crews for ransom
In past, Washington and Adams both paid tribute to them
Tripoli even declared war on U.S.
Keep paying or war?

11. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Solution – part 2:
Small fleet of warships to protect, ended up bombarding Tripoli with cannons
The Philadelphia was captured and held for ransom
Peace Treaty
U.S. pay $60,000 ransom in exchange for a stop in tribute payments

12. How should President Jefferson deal with pirates?
Outcome – Part 2:
Other Barbary States continued their attacks
1815: America and Europe destroyed pirate bases

13. What should President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?
Problem:
Britain and France still attacking American ships
Madison Offers France and Britain to stop trading with the other if they stop the attacks
Napoleon agrees but secretly doesn’t stop attacks
Britain refuses
Can we handle war with Britain?
Southerners and Westerners wanted war (War Hawks) – thought it would make land west of Appalachians safer
We thought Britain was supplying Native Americans with weapons via Canada

14. What should President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?
Problem cont.
How do we know about the weapon supply?
Two Shawnee Indians – Chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, the Prophet
were sick of getting kicked off their land so they united Native Americans up and down Mississippi River
Followed Tenskwatawa because:
He claimed American guns couldn’t harm them
Claimed the Great Spirit told them they would win the battle – could tell the future!
Uniting is the only way protect/conquer
Built a center – Prophetstown

15. What should President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?
Indiana Governor Harrison organized militia to march to Prophetstown
Tenskwatawa decided to attack first (Tecumseh was away recruiting) Native Americans attacked them…but Harrison’s militia still won
N.A. were not prepared because they believed they were harmless
Also….
We found British guns!!

16. What should President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?
Solution:
No more isolationism!
Group of leaders called the War Hawks in the West and South fought for America to go to war
Declared war on Britain on July 17, 1812….with only 7,000 men and 16 ships
Reasons for War…RECAP!
Westerners wanted to conquer part of Canada
To stop the supply of weapons to the N.A.
To stop the attack on American ships

17. The War of 1812 The War: Invasion of Canada
Invade Canada = driven back 3 times
Lands west of Appalachians safer b/c Tecumseh was killed…momentum down
America burnt the city of York (modern day Toronto) – huge British loss

19. The War of 1812 The War: Washington D.C.
British invaded Washington D.C. in 1814 and burnt the city!
Revenge for Toronto
Dolly Madison ran back into burning White House to grab a portrait of George Washington.

20. The War of 1812 The War: Baltimore
On Sept , the Baltimore harbor was already being guarded by Americans so British were forced to shell/bomb the whole harbor (= red glow)
American flag still flew next morning….”The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Francis Scott Key wrote b/c he was so happy
Eventually became our National Anthem!

21. The War of 1812 The War: New Orleans
General Andrew Jackson was already defending New Orleans (think back – why so important?)
Jackson and his men fought one of the strongest American battles
2000 British killed or wounded…only 20 Americans!
=Andrew Jackson is a hero!
Except…
The war was already over! (Treaty was signed several weeks before)
However…still brought a lot of American pride
Able to beat British again…

22. The War of 1812
Outcome:
Before the Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent was signed
Treaty didn’t solve any of the issues that led to the war; pretty much
But peace for a little while!

23. Recap on President Madison
America’s 4th president
Not a great people-person
Wife, Dolley Madison, handled many of the social aspects of being president
Even a large part of the reason her husband won the position
Opened the door for women to become more involved
Then, during the White House fire, ran back to get a portrait of George Washington