1. Outline Exam 1 Review Exam 1 covers Ch 1, 2 , 3, and the syllabus
9/13/12, 7:00p-8:30p, 262 Willard
Exam 1 covers Ch 1, 2 , 3, and the syllabus
Bring ID and # 2 pencil, arrive on time for no exams handed out once one is turned in.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Heuristics
Culture

2. The relationships developed on shows like The Bachelor and The Bachelorette have rarely produced long-lasting marriages. This is likely because the situations in which these relationships begin are
low in external validity.
high in external validity.
low in internal validity.
high in internal validity.
A is correct

3. Jake had a hypothesis about the outcome of the Ross and colleagues (2004) study about the “Wall Street Game” and the “Community Game.” Jake hypothesized that the players would respond based on their personalities, not just the name of the game they played. His hypothesis is most likely based on which tendency?
self-fulfilling prophecy
construals
direct social influence
fundamental attribution error
D is correct

4. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

5. Example: The Bloomer study (Pygmalion effect)
Expectation: bloomer or not
Bloomers flourished

6. Why did bloomers flourish?
Teachers unconsciously provided bloomers with
more material and more difficult
more and better feedback
more and longer opportunities to respond to questions.
more attention, warmer environment

7. Automatic: Heuristics
Heuristics – Mental shortcut
Form of automatic thinking

8. Availability Heuristic
Availability heuristic – ease with which something comes to mind influences judgment
List 2 or 8 times assertive
How assertive are you?
2 is easier to think of than 8, therefore people view themselves as more assertive in the 2 than 8 condition

9. Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Two groups and given different starting points (anchors)
Grp A Grp B
Length Miss River ,000
Height Mt. Everest , ,000
% over > % %
Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic: Anchor determines magnitude of the answer
Is answer higher or lower than anchor?
Adjust
Group A will tend to have lower estimates than group B

10. Which one is most likely a lawyer?

11. Representativeness heuristic
Representativeness heuristic – make judgments based on how similar something is to the typical example.
Ex1: What cereal is lower in sugar and saturated fats?
Lucky Charms or 100% Natural Cereal

12. Culture and social cognition
How does culture alter what you see?
East Asians more likely to describe background than Westerners

13. Culture and Social Cognition
Analytic thinking style
focus on objects without considering surrounding context
associated with Western cultures
Holistic thinking style
focus on the overall context, relation between objects
associated with Eastern cultures

14. Culture and Social Cognition
Eastern and Western cultures
equally capable of using both styles
environment in which people live “primes” one style over the other

15. Why is she so upset?

16. Who do you think would be happier: someone who won a silver medal at the Olympics or someone who won a bronze? Surprisingly, research shows that silver medalists are often less happy, because they can more easily imagine how they might have come in first and won a gold. Source: REUTERS/Nikola Solic

17. Counterfactual reasoning
Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been
“If only I had answered that one question differently, I would have passed the test.”
Can have a big influence on our emotional reactions to events
The easier it is to mentally undo an outcome, the stronger the emotional reaction to it.

18. How to improve human thinking
Have to overcome the over –confidence barrier
Question – write down low and high answer so 90% sure falls between the 2 numbers. Goal only 10% wrong.
Avg – 40 to 80% wrong – why so overconfident?
Overconfidence barrier – many people think reasoning just fine and over confident in their accuracy
How to overcome this issue and issue of over reliance on heuristics?
Encourage thinking the opposite pt of view
Can improve with training –stats, methods

19. Good luck on the exam