1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Science Section 1: The nature of science
Mr. Stripling
Physical Science

2. What is Science? Science is a method for studying the natural world.
It is a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature.

3. Branches of Science Draw in your notes Science Social Natural
Life Science
Biology
Earth Science
Astronomy
Geology
Physical Science
Physics
Chemistry

4. Branches of Science Branches of Science Three MAIN BRANCHES
Life science deals with living things.
Earth science investigates Earth and space.
Physical science deals with matter and energy.

5. Science vs. technology Science seeks to understand the natural world
Explains what is going on around us
Technology is the application of science to help people.

6. Technology Meets human needs, makes things easier, solves problems
Doesn’t always follow science, however, sometimes the process of discovery can be reversed.
Science and technology do not always produce positive results.

7. Scientific laws and theories
Theory – similar to a guess but with a focus on WHY something happens. It must pass several tests to be usable. Seeks to explain many different laws.
Scientific Law – describes a process in nature that can be tested with repeated experiments. An observation about nature; a summary of a natural event
Theories
Must explain observation clearly and consistently
Experiment must be repeatable
Must be able to predict results from the theory

8. Describing physical events with math Example: GRAVITY
Qualitative statement – describes something with words
Quantitative statement – explains scientific laws and theories with equations
Area of a rectangle equation: A = l x w
Universal gravity equation:
Mathematics is the same language around the world!

9. Models
A scientific model is a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event.
Can be used to represent things that are too small, too big, or too complex to study easily.

10. Name some examples of models that you use every day
With your group brainstorm as many commonly used models as you can.

11. Exit card #2 Compare the two branches of physical science.
Explain how science and technology depend on each other and how they differ from each other.
Define scientific law and give an example.
Compare scientific law and scientific theory.
Explain why a scientific theory might be changed.
Describe how a scientific model is used and give an example of a scientific model.

12. Section 2: The way science works

13. The scientific method

14. The scientific method is a process for experimentation
that is used to explore observations and answer
questions.
Scientists use the scientific method to
search for cause and effect relationships in nature.
In other words, they design an experiment so that
changes to one item cause something else to change
in a predictable way. 14

15. Testing a hypothesis
Controlled experiments are used to test a hypothesis
A variable is a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis

16. Experiments test ideas
Experiments are not failures when they fail to produce the desired results
A hypothesis can be revised
“Failed” experiments should be published so that they can be peer reviewed
Why should “failed” experiments be published?

17. Units of measurement
Scientists use standard units of measure that together form the International System of Units, aka the SI System
Used by scientists around the world
Why do you think that scientists use the SI system?

18. Basic Types of Measurement
Length: measures distance between objects
Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up
Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object
Other Types of measurement include:
time
temperature
density PH

19. Measurement System Comparisons
ENGLISH
SI SYSTEM
LENGTH
Yard / Inch
Meter / Centimeter
MASS
Ounce / Pound
Gram / Kilogram
VOLUME
Quart
Liter
TEMPERATURE
Fahrenheit
Celsius / Kelvin
TIME
Second
All Measurement systems have standards. Standards are exact quantities that everyone agrees to use as a basis of comparison.

20. In the English system you have to remember so many numbers . . .
12 inches in a foot
3 feet in a yard
5,280 feet in a mile
16 ounces in a pound
4 quarts to a gallon
In the SI System you only have to remember one number.
The SI System is based on the number 10.

21. The SI System uses the following prefixes:
Kilo
1000
Hecto
100
Deca 10
UNIT 1
Deci
1/10
Centi
1/100
Milli
1/1000
This system works with any
SI measurement.
The UNIT becomes whichever type of measurement you are making. (mass, volume, or length)
It is the same system regardless if you are measuring length, mass, or volume.
You can remember the SI system with: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk

23. How does converting units work?
Unlike the English system converting in the SI System is very easy. For Example in the English system if you wanted to know how many inches in 2 miles what would you do?
Take the number of miles (2).
Multiply it by the number of feet in a mile (5,280).
Multiply that by the number of inches in a foot (12).
ANSWER: 126,720 inches in 2 miles

24. The SI system is much easier.
For example in the metric system if you wanted to know how many centimeters were in 3 meters, what would you do?
Find the unit you have (meters).
Find the unit you are changing to (centimeters).
Count the number of units in-between (2).
Move the decimal point that many spaces, in the same direction you counted (right).
3 meters =
300 centimeters
Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli

25. ( ) ( ) ____ ______ How many kilometers is 15,000 decimeters? 10 dm
1 km
X km = 15,000 dm
1.5 km =

26. More Conversions . . . 2,321.0 millimeters to meters = 2.321 meters
521.0 grams to hectograms
= hectograms
8.5 kiloliters to centiliters
= 850,000 centiliters
NOTE: The digits aren’t changing, the position of the decimal is. In the English system the whole number changes.
Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli

27. Basic Types of Measurement
Length: measures distance between objects
Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up
Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object
In SI the basic units are:
Length is the meter
Mass is the gram
Volume is the liter (liquid)
Temperature is Celsius

28. Metric Measurement: Length
Length is the distance between two points.
Does not matter if it is width, height, depth, etc. All are length measurements.
The basic unit of length in the SI System is the meter.
The meter is about the length of the English yard (3 feet).
Area is a variation of a length measurement.
Area is length x width.
Expressed in units2 (m2, cm2, mm2 etc.)

29. Metric Measurement: Mass
Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object.
Basic unit of mass is the gram. There are 454 grams in one pound.
Weight and mass are related, but NOT the same.
Weight is the pull of gravity on an object
The greater the mass, the larger the pull of gravity.

30. Metric Measurement: Volume
Volume is a measurement of the amount of space something takes up.
The basic unit used for volume is the liter. This unit is used for the volumes of liquids.
Volumes of solids are figured using this formula:
(L)ength x (W)idth x (H)eight
cm x cm x cm = cm3
Objects without a definite length, width or height (a rock for example), can use water displacement to determine volume NOTE: 1 ml = 1 cm3

31. Practice problems Write 55 decimeters as meters
Convert 1.6 kilograms to grams
Change 2800 millimoles to moles
Change 6.1 amperes to miliamperes

32. Section 3: Organizing Data

33. Continuous Line Graph
A graph in which points on the line between the plotted points also have meaning. Sometimes, this is a “best fit” graph where a straight line is drawn to fit the data points. Note that the independent variable is on the X axis, & the dependent is on the Y axis.

34. Bar Graph
Displays data by using bars of equal width on a grid. The bars may be vertical or horizontal. Bar graphs are used for comparisons.

35. Circle Graph (Pie Chart)
Displays data using a circle divided into sectors. We use a circle graph (also called a pie chart) to show how data represent portions of one whole or one group. Notice that each sector is represented by %

36. REALLY, REALLY SMALL NUMBERS.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A QUICK WAY TO WRITE
REALLY, REALLY BIG OR
REALLY, REALLY SMALL NUMBERS.

37. Mathematicians are Lazy!!!
They decided that by using powers of 10, they can create short versions of long numbers.

38. Rules for Scientific Notation
To be in proper scientific notation the number must be written with
* a number between 1 and 10
* and multiplied by a power of
ten
23 X 105 is not in proper scientific notation. Why?

39. Soooo
137,000,000 can be rewritten as
1.37 X 108

40. Using scientific notation, rewrite the following numbers.
Now You Try
Using scientific notation, rewrite the following numbers.
347,000.
3.47 X 105
902,000,000.
9.02 X 108
61,400.
6.14 X 104

41. Convert these:
1.23 X , X 106 6,806,000

42. Try These
4,000 4 X X 103 2, X 106 6,123, ,000, X 108

43. In the United States, 15,000,000 households use private wells for their water supply. Write this number in scientific notation. 1.5 X 107

44. The U.S. has a total of X 107 acres of land reserved for state parks. Write this in standard form.
12,916,000 acres

45. Why does a Negative Exponent give us a small number?
10000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 104
= 10 x 10 x 10 = 103
= 10 x 10 = 102
= 101
1 = 100
Do you see a pattern?

46. Sooooo
= 10-1
= = 10-2
= = 10-3
= = 10-4

47. Using Scientific Notation, rewrite the following numbers.
Your Turn
Using Scientific Notation,
rewrite the following numbers.
8.82 X 10-4
5.9 X 10-7
4 X 10-5

48. More Examples 4 X 10-4 2) 1.248 X 10-6 .000001248 3) 6.123 X 10-51)
4 X 10-4
2) X 10-6
3) X 10-5 4)
3.06 X 10-6 5)
8.92 X 10-4

49. .000007 The nucleus of a human cell is about
7 X 10-6 meters in diameter. What is the length in standard notation?

50. A ribosome, another part of a cell, is about 0
A ribosome, another part of a cell, is about of a meter in diameter. Write the length in scientific notation. 3 X 10-9

51. Significant Figures
Scientist use significant figures to determine how precise a measurement is
Significant digits in a measurement include all of the known digits plus one estimated digit
Accuracy – Compares a measurement to the true value
Precision – describes how closely measurements are to each other and how carefully measurements were made

52. For example… Look at the ruler below Each line is 0.1cm
You can read that the arrow is on 13.3 cm
However, using significant figures, you must estimate the next digit
That would give you cm

53. Let’s try this one Look at the ruler below
What can you read before you estimate?
12.8 cm
Now estimate the next digit…
12.85 cm

54. The same rules apply with all instruments
Read to the last digit that you know
Estimate the final digit

55. Let’s try graduated cylinders
Look at the graduated cylinder below
What can you read with confidence?
56 ml
Now estimate the last digit
56.0 ml

56. One more graduated cylinder
Look at the cylinder below…
What is the measurement?
53.5 ml

57. Rules for Significant figures Rule #1
All non zero digits are ALWAYS significant
How many significant digits are in the following numbers?
3 Significant Figures
5 Significant Digits
4 Significant Figures
274
25.632
8.987

58. Rule #2 All zeros between significant digits are ALWAYS significant
How many significant digits are in the following numbers?
3 Significant Figures
5 Significant Digits
4 Significant Figures
504
60002
9.077

59. Rule #3 All FINAL zeros to the right of the decimal ARE significant
How many significant digits are in the following numbers?
32.0
19.000
3 Significant Figures
5 Significant Digits
7 Significant Figures

60. Rule #4 All zeros that act as place holders are NOT significant
Another way to say this is: zeros are only significant if they are between significant digits OR are the very final thing at the end of a decimal

61. For example
How many significant digits are in the following numbers?
1 Significant Digit 3 Significant Digits 6 Significant Digits 2 Significant Digits x

62. Rule #5
All counting numbers and constants have an infinite number of significant digits
For example:
1 hour = 60 minutes
12 inches = 1 foot
24 hours = 1 day

63. How many significant digits are in the following numbers?x
2 Significant Digits 6 Significant Digits 3 Significant Digits 4 Significant Digits 1 Significant Digit

64. Rules Rounding Significant Digits Rule #1
If the digit to the immediate right of the last significant digit is less than 5, do not round up the last significant digit.
For example, let’s say you have the number and you want 3 significant digits
The last number that you want is the 8 – 43.82
The number to the right of the 8 is a 2
Therefore, you would not round up & the number would be 43.8

65. Rounding Rule #2
If the digit to the immediate right of the last significant digit is greater that a 5, you round up the last significant figure
Let’s say you have the number and you want 4 significant digits
– The last number you want is the 8 and the number to the right is a 7
Therefore, you would round up & get 234.9

66. Rounding Rule #3
If the number to the immediate right of the last significant is a 5, and that 5 is followed by a non zero digit, round up
(you want 3 significant digits)
The number you want is the 6
The 6 is followed by a 5 and the 5 is followed by a non zero number
Therefore, you round up
78.7

67. Rounding Rule #4
If the number to the immediate right of the last significant is a 5, and that 5 is followed by a zero, you look at the last significant digit and make it even.
(want 3 significant digits)
The number to the right of the digit you want is a 5 followed by a 0
Therefore you want the final digit to be even
2.54

68. Say you have this number
(want 3 significant digits)
The number to the right of the digit you want is a 5 followed by a 0
Therefore you want the final digit to be even and it already is
2.52

69. Let’s try these examples…
(want 3 SF) (want 2 SF) (want 3 SF) (want 1 SF) (want 2 SF)

70. Using Scientific Notation in Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction
Scientists must be able to use very large and very small numbers in mathematical calculations. As a student in this class, you will have to be able to multiply, divide, add and subtract numbers that are written in scientific notation. Here are the rules.

71. Sample Problem: Multiply (3.2 x 10-3) (2.1 x 105)
Multiplication
When multiplying numbers written in scientific notation…..multiply the first factors and add the exponents.
Sample Problem: Multiply (3.2 x 10-3) (2.1 x 105)
Solution: Multiply 3.2 x Add the exponents
Answer: 6.7 x 102

72. Sample Problem: Divide (6.4 x 106) by (1.7 x 102)
Division
Divide the numerator by the denominator. Subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator.
Sample Problem: Divide (6.4 x 106) by (1.7 x 102)
Solution: Divide 6.4 by Subtract the exponents 6 - 2
Answer: 3.8 x 104

73. Addition and Subtraction
To add or subtract numbers written in scientific notation, you must….express them with the same power of ten.
Sample Problem: Add (5.8 x 103) and (2.16 x 104)
Solution: Since the two numbers are not expressed as the same power of ten, one of the numbers will have to be rewritten in the same power of ten as the other.
5.8 x 103 = .58 x so .58 x x 104 =?
Answer: x 104

74. Using Significant Figures in Mathematics
RULE 1. In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have more significant figures than either of the original numbers.

75. RULE 2. In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits after the decimal point than either of the original numbers.
Chapter Two

76. Multiplication and division
32.27  1.54 =
3.68  =
1.750  =
3.2650106  =  107
6.0221023  1.66110-24 =
49.7
46.4
.05985
1.586 107
1.000

77. Addition and Subtraction
.71
82000 .1
Look for the last important digit
= .713 = =
10 – =
__ ___ __