1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
Comparative Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Dept.
Misericordia Univ.

2. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Gray vs. White matter
Protection of CNS
Meninges
CSF flow
Brain
Development
Selected structures
Spinal cord

3. CNS (Central Nervous System)
Brian and spinal cord
Displays gray and white matter
Gray matter are areas of CNS with many cell bodies of neurons present (little myelinated nerve fibers)
White matter are area of CNS with few cell bodies but many myelinated nerve fibers
Protected by bone and membranes

4. Meninges Dura Mater –outermost; tough, fibrous CT
In brain, divided into two layers (periosteal and meningeal)
In spine, only one layer with fat filled space above the layer called the epidural space
Arachnoid –middle; web-like appearance
Potential space between Dura and arachnoid is the subdural space
Pia Mater –innermost, delicate membrane fused with CNS surface
Space between Pia and Arachnoid is the subarachnoid space

5. Brain Meninges

6. Brain Ventricles

7. Choroid Plexus

8. CSF (cerebral-spinal fluid) Flow

9. Hydrocephalus
Blockage of CSF flow can lead to severe brain and/or head enlargement.
In an adult, such swelling would be fatal.

10. Brain
Development
Structures
Functional Areas

11. Brain Vesicles

14. Major Divisions of Brain
Brain Stem = midbrain + pons + medulla

15. Brain Anatomy (req’d)

16. Projections vs. Commissures

17. Functional Anatomy of Brain

18. Functional Areas of Cerebrum

19. Primary Motor and Somatosensory Gyri

20. Basal Nuclei: cerebral nuclei
Putamen and Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nuclei and the Substantia nigra are usually included

21. Limbic System: functional system; responsible for emotion and memory
Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
Mammillary body

22. Circle of Willis

23. Spinal Cord
Receives and generates signals to body through the spinal nerves

24. Spinal Cord (X.S.)

25. Cord in Spinal Canal Posterior Median Sulcus Posterior Root
Denticulate Ligament
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Anterior Root
Spinal Nerve

26. Spinal Cord Segments
4 segments: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (only 1 coccygeal nerve)
31 pairs of spinal nerves

27. Cauda Equina

28. Lumbar Puncture

29. Functional Arrangement of SC

30. Neurotransmission Scenario

31. ANS Divsions

32. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)

33. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)

34. Sympathetic Ganglia