1. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
What is a projectile?
A body in free fall that is subject only to the forces of gravity and air resistance
Motion of bodies flung into the air
Occurs in many activities, such as baseball, diving, figure skating, basketball, golf, and volleyball
A special case of linear kinematics

2. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
Projectiles have different objectives
Time of flight
Maximum – tennis defensive lob, football punt, springboard diving, ski/snowboard ariel tennis lob
Minimum – baseball infield throw, tennis volley
Maximum horizontal displacement (range) - javelin, discus, shot put, long jump, triple jump, football kickoff, golf drive,
Maximum vertical displacement (apex) – pole vault, high jump, basketball jump ball

3. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
What factors influence the trajectory (flight path) of a projectile?
projection angle - the direction of projection with respect to the horizontal

4. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
Trajectory shape dependent on angle of projection in absence of air resistance.
If angle perfectly vertical, trajectory also vertical.
If angle oblique, trajectory is parabolic.
If angle horizontal, trajectory is half parabola.

5. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
Maximum height (m)
Range (distance) (m) 5 4 3 2 1
This scaled diagram shows the size and shape of trajectories for an object projected at 10 m/s at different angles.

6. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
The Effect of Projection Angle on Range
(Relative Projection Height = 0)
Projection Projection
Speed Angle Range
(m/s) (degrees) (m)

7. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
What factors influence the trajectory (flight path) of a projectile?
projection speed - the magnitude of projection velocity

8. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
When projection angle and other factors constant, projection speed determines length of trajectory (range).
For vertical projectile, speed determines apex.
For oblique projectile, speed determines height of apex and horizontal range.

9. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
What factors influence the trajectory (flight path) of a projectile?
relative projection height - the difference between projection height and landing height

10. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
When projection speed is constant, greater relative projection height provides longer flight time which increases horizontal displacement.
Taller shot putters can throw farther than shorter ones even if throw with same speed.

11. FACTORS INFLUENCING PROJECTILE MOTION
Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
FACTORS INFLUENCING PROJECTILE MOTION
(Neglecting Air Resistance)
Variable Factors of Influence
Flight time
Initial vertical velocity
Relative projection height
Horizontal displacement
Horizontal velocity
Vertical displacement
Trajectory
Initial speed
Projection angle

12. Generalizations for Maximum Range
If purpose to maximize range, optimum angle of landing is always 45º. If purpose to maximize range & projection height is zero, the optimum angle of projection (and landing) is 45°. If purpose to maximize range & projection height is above landing (+), optimum angle of projection less than 45°.

13. Standing Broad Jump take-off
Projectile as a Vector
Initial velocity of projectile is a vector
Speed (Magnitude)
Angle (Direction)
Point of origin
Vector represented graphically by:
Line of action
Initial velocity of projectile resolved into horizontal and vertical components
If horizontal and vertical components added, resultant equals original initial velocity
Standing Broad Jump take-off P2 P1 + -

14. Vector Components of Projectile Motion
Why do we analyze the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion separately?
(the vertical component is influenced by gravity and the horizontal component is not)

15. Vector Components of Projectile Motion
Horizontal component (Vh) has certain velocity or magnitude.
Horizontal component (Vh) remains constant throughout flight, neglecting air resistance.
Horizontal velocity influences range, but not time object in air.

16. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
Downward acceleration of a projectile same as downward acceleration of a free falling body due to constant gravity.
Two balls - one dropped and one projected horizontally from the same height:
Both land at the same time since gravity affects their vertical velocities equally.

17. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
Horizontal velocity (Vh) does not affect vertical velocity (Vv).
(Vh) and (Vv) are independent of one another
Gravity affects vertical velocity (Vv).
What is the effect of gravity?
(The force of gravity produces a constant acceleration of m/s2 or ft/s2 on bodies near the surface of the earth.)
Negative (-) vertical direction is downward.

18. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
apex
gravity
The pattern of change in the vertical velocity of a projectile is symmetrical about the apex.
Vertical velocity decreases as the ball rises and increases as the ball falls due to the influence of gravitational force.

19. Calculation of Displacement
Calculation of Magnitude:
Resultant displacement (dR) =
= m
Calculation of Direction:
Angle to horizontal (θ)
Tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent
Tan θ = dV / dH = 0.2 / 0.6
θ = Tan-1 (0.2 / 0.6)
θ = 18.8º P1 P2
Vertical displacement (dV) = 0.2 m
Horizontal displacement (dH) = 0.6 m
Resultant displacement (dR) 

20. Calculation of components of velocity
vR = 3.2 m·s-1
θ = 23º
At take-off in SBJ θ
Horizontal component of velocity (vH): cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse cos θ = vH / vR vH = vR × cos θ vH = 3.2 × cos 23 vH = 2.94 m·s-1 Vertical component of velocity (vV): sin θ = Opposite / Hypotenuse sin θ = vV / vR vV = vR × sin θ vV = 3.2 × sin 23 vV = 1.25 m·s-1
Vertical component of velocity (vV)
Horizontal component of velocity (vH)

21. Equations of Constant Acceleration
Three formulas interrelating the kinematic quantities – displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
v2 = v1 + at
d = v1t + ½ at2
v22 = v12 + 2ad
The equation that you select to solve a problem must have the known quantities and the unknown variable you wish to find.

22. Equations of Constant Acceleration
If applied to horizontal projectile in which a = 0,
v2 = v1 + 0·t
d = v1t + ½ 0·t2
v22 = v12 + 2·0·d
If applied to vertical projectile free falling (v1 =0),
v2 = v1 (0) + at
d = v1 (0) t + ½ at2
v22 = v12 (0) + 2ad

23. Summary Variables used to describe motion are either:
Scalar (magnitude only: e.g. time, distance and speed)
Vector (magnitude and direction: e.g. displacement, velocity and acceleration)
Displacement is the change in position of a body
Average velocity is the change in position divided by the change in time
Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the change in time
The resultant and angle of a vector variable can be calculated from its horizontal and vertical components using Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometry
The horizontal and vertical components of a vector variable can be calculated from its resultant and angle using trigonometry