1. Reforms and Revolutions up through 1848

2. Greek Independence
The Greeks had been under Ottoman (Turkey) control since the 15th c.
The Greeks had maintained their own cultural identity (language, religion, etc.)
Nationalism rose and a revolution broke out in 1821.
Metternich was against all revolutions, but, many Europeans supported Greek independence.
1827- the Ottomans were pressured to grant independence to Greece by France, G.B. and Russia; Ottomans declined and the navies were called out.
The Ottomans eventually granted independence in 1830; in 1832 a German prince was placed as king of Greece.

3. Reform in Britain
18th c. Britain was not very democratic, despite having a constitutional monarchy
8% of men could vote; king ruled Parliament
By the 1870’s, reform was necessary, but the land-owners (aristocrats) were fearful due to the French Rev. example
Tory Party: aristocratic political party that resisted all liberal change
Corn Laws: Tory law that prohibited the importing of cheap grain unless prices at home were outrageous
These laws benefitted the land-owning aristocrats because they could charge whatever price they wanted for their grain
High unemployment and these high grain prices angered many and led to riots
Tories made protesting illegal
Issued the “Six Acts” limiting freedoms of the press: more rioting
Battle of Peterloo

4. Corn Laws repealed in 1846: free grain imports
Wealthy industrialists soon demanded more political power and liberal reforms
Whig Party (political party) helped to push through liberal reforms in Parliament in 1832
Reform Bill of 1832:
Gave House of Commons more power
They were the decision makers and voted on by the people (as opposed to the House of Lords who had a hereditary position)
Eliminated voting fraud in various districts; pushed for more voters
People’s Charter, 1838
Pushed for universal male voting (rejected by Parliament)
Corn Laws repealed in 1846: free grain imports
Tories later tried to appeal to the working class through laws like the 10 Hours Act and regulating working conditions
Realized it was better to appeal to the largest group in Britain: the working class

5. Ireland and the Potato Famine
Ireland was controlled by G.B.
Irish peasants worked the land that was owned by the Church of England or British land-owners
Irish peasants were extremely poor
The potato, as well as other factors like early marriage, helped Ireland grow in population
The potato was a hardy crop and less land was necessary to grow enough for a family + the landowner
The Irish lived off the potato alone
Estimates claim 10 lbs. a day!

6. British landowners only leased the land for a brief period of time
No incentive to take care of the land; i.e. irrigation, new farming techniques, etc.
A crop disease impacted the potato crop from and again in
Dependency on the crop was so great that it led to starvation, human disease, lost land/homes
British gov’t did very little (laissez faire attitude)
Famine created huge population losses; ½ died or left Ireland
Anti-British and Irish nationalism grew
This would later promote Irish Independence

7. French Revolution of 1830
It’s not over…Louis XVIII who was king after Napoleon’s first and second exiles, made a small attempt at promoting democracy and social reforms
Issued the Constitutional Charter, 1814
Created a 2 house Parliament (Chamber of Deputies being the group who could be voted for)
He also kept many social and economic gains of the revolution
Despite all of this, France was not a democracy
Only 100,000 of the 30 million pop. could vote

8. After Louis’ death, his brother Charles X becomes king of France
He was an absolutist and wanted to reestablish the Old Regime
The Chamber of Deputies opposed him
Charles tried to use war and expansion to build nationalism and support
He believed that if he could win a war, he would be able to manipulate the citizens enough that they failed to realize they were losing their rights
After victory in Algeria, he repealed the Constitutional Charter, took away voting rights, censored the press
Led to huge riots in Paris and the gov’t fell in 3 days; Charles fled

9. After Charles fled, a cousin, Louis Philippe came to the throne
Pledged to rule for the people, but still the notable elites were the only citizens with power in the country
No real change had occurred under Louis Philippe
Now 170,000 could vote for the Deputies
An increase of 70,000 voters, but still a significant number less than the population total

10. Louis XVIII

11. Charles X

12. Louis Philippe

13. Revolutions in 1848 The 1840s were difficult throughout Europe
Famine and economic hardships led to riots
Political change was certain
Culminated in 1848 throughout Europe

14. France in 1848
Louis Philippe’s monarchy was growing more and more unpopular
Citizens wanted the republic back- we will call this France’s Second Republic
Reforms include:
Slavery & capital punishment abolished, work-day shortened (10 hrs), universal male suffrage (voting rights)
There was a push by some to form social programs to help support the poor by providing jobs (workshops)
The push towards socialism was concerning to many conservatives; others were desperate for social change
Frustrations led to a mini-revolution that lasted 3 days (called “June Days”, 10,000 dead)
New constitution formed…allowed for a strong central monarch

15. Guess Who’s Back?... Well sort of….Louis-Napoleon!
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte will be elected in December 1848
Later named Napoleon III

16. Austrian Empire in 1848 Remember that Metternich is from Austria
Revolts in France spread throughout the Europe
In Austria, liberals wanted representative government, etc.
Hapsburg Emperor Ferdinand I gave in to reforms
Problems in Austria
They still practiced serfdom, ethnically diverse, students revolt in Vienna
Nephew Francis Joseph will come to the throne in late 1848 and will regain authority.
Put down the Hungarian rebellion with the help of Russia

17. Prussia in 1848 Prussia was the most powerful German kingdom
Inspired by France, the city of Berlin erupted in violence in the name of liberalism.
Prussian King Frederick William IV caved in
There had been discussion over the years of merging the German kingdom into an actual German state
Steps were taken to form a constitutional monarchy
Unification will fail due to disagreements