1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Casey Olsen, PharmD
PGY2 Pharmacy Informatics
Aurora Health Care
Milwaukee, WI

2. Objectives
Describe available advances in artificial intelligence technology within healthcare
Apply a process design tool for adapting a task to utilize automation strategies

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
An evolving definition
Turing Test – convincing emulation of human communication
An effort to prove ‘humanity’ of a machine
Related to ability to automatically complete complex tasks
Not based on human function, but rather a scale of automation of a task
Machine Artificial Intelligence

4. Government Initiatives
National Science and Technology Council. The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. Published 10/2016. Accessed 9/17/2017. URL:

5. Where Can AI be Found?
Flight
Personal Technology
Financial Trading

6. Examples in Healthcare
Sensely and Your.MD
Consultation
Provides a patient with the ability to ask questions on personal devices and receive pertinent information
Morpheo
Diagnosis
Assists in analysis of sleep patterns
IBM’s Watson
Treatment
Utilizes a patient data to offer recommended oncology treatment regimens to physicians
AiCure
Adherence
Uses image recognition to ensure patients take medication at the correct time
Ayasdi
Population Health
Utilizes patient data to find risk factors within a health system

7. Example of Automation Regenstrief National Center for Medical Device Informatics
A shared interest in understanding the data available for infusion pump use
Given the abundance of data available through this collaborative, there is the potential for use of artificial intelligence to aid users in the assessment of data

8. Automating a Task with Artificial Intelligence
Scope must be well defined to a task
Example: Utilize infusion pump data to determine actionable items for library updates
How automated should this be?

9. Functional Level of Autonomy Assessment Tool (FLOAAT)
Tool developed for use by NASA Johnson Space Center
Assists in designing a goal level of automation for a task
Considers:
Type of task being automated
Trust in the ability of the system
Cost/benefit analysis
Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

10. Stages of Decision Making
FLOAAT Visualized
Stages of Decision Making
Observe
Orient
Decide
Act
Adapted from Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

11. Stages of Decision Making
FLOAAT Visualized
Stages of Decision Making
Observe
Orient
Decide
Act
Level of Automation 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Automated
Automated
Automated
Automated
Human
Human
Human
Human
Adapted from Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

12. Returning to Finding Actionable Items
Level of Automation 8
Actionable items are displayed to the user 7
Actionable items are displayed with rational for certain medications 6
Actionable items are displayed with rational for all changes 5
Actionable items are displayed with user verification of data 4
Sorted summarized data allow user identification of actionable items 3
Unsorted summarized data allow user identification of actionable items 2
Users use tools to create summarized data to find actionable items 1
Users manually read and interpret data to find actionable items

13. Applying the FLOAAT to Healthcare Automation
Potential utilization in:
Ongoing task design discussions
Gap analysis to assess for potential automation growth
Hart JJ, Valasek J. Methodology for Prototyping Increased Levels of Automation for Spacecraft Rendezvous Functions. Texas A&M University

14. Preparing for the Future
Creating a culture of trust around computer-driven interventions
Engage in well defined and scoped uses of artificial intelligence
Continue efforts toward effective data management
Contribute to and use data from large data banks
Pursue interoperability standardization

15. Key Takeaways
Artificial intelligence will continue to become more prevalent in and outside of healthcare
Strategies to implement artificial intelligence should consider a level of automation to design to
Tools exist to help devise a design goal

16. Questions
Casey Olsen, PharmD PGY2 Pharmacy Informatics Aurora Health Care Milwaukee, WI