1. Compounding Prof. Walid Amer: Dean of the faculty of Arts
Islamic University of Gaza

2. The components of Compounding words:

3. High school, Woman teacher, he-goat, Dining-room,
Noun
Post office, spaceship,
High school, Woman teacher,
he-goat, Dining-room,
Parking lot, Student teacher,
Paper basket, self-expression,
sunshine, bedroom,
*department store, Physics book.
Verb+Noun: jump rope, pickpocket,
flashlight

4. Noun+Verb:
handshake, lifeguard.
• *gerund+noun: living room, Swimming pool.
• *noun+gerund: Fortune telling, House keeping,ice skating
• Adjective+Noun:Gold coin, well-wisher, off-white, High school, smallpox, blackbird,*common sense,*blue print.
• Particle+Noun: off-year, by-product, overdose
• Verb+prep/Adverb: makeup, breakdown, grown‐up.
• *Noun+pp: brother-in-law, commander-in-chief.

5. Compound verb Noun+Verb: babysit, water skie, sleep-walk, sun-‐bathe,
• Verb+Adjective: double-check.
• Particle+Verb: overdo, outreach, overlook, upgrade.
• *Adverb+Verb: ill-treat, dry-clean, cold-shoulder.
Compound verb

6. Water proof, Sky blue, air-borne, nationwide,
Compound adjectives may consist of:
Noun+Adjective:
Water proof, Sky blue, air-borne, nationwide,
• Adjective +Adjective: Icy cold, easygoing, good-hearted,
• Noun+Noun: coffee-table,

7. noun+participle: French-speaking, good‐looking.
• *adjective+past participle: absent-minded, blue--‐eyed, near-sighted, short-tempered.
• *PP+N a wall-to-wall carpet.
• *infinitive: a hard-to-please employer.
• *coordinated elements a life-and-death struggle.

8. To combine between the two elements of compound, we have to take in consideration the relationship:
Syntactic relationship: like part of speech, co-ordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun, adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object.
Semantic relationship: denoting place or time, purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and sex.

9. 34. Grammatical classification of compounds
according to Scalise &Bisetto• Subordinate compounds: head-complement relation Example: apple cake• Attributive compounds: the two constituents are in apposition to each other Example: snail mail• Coordinate compounds: no hierarchy between the constituents Example: girlfriend
Does this mean that internal word order is arbitrary?
Internal word ordering is rather constrained for subordinate and attributive compounds in English because the right hand constituent is generally the most important element

10. Semantic Types of Compounds
Endocentric
The meaning of the compound is classified according to the meaning of its components
Example: dog food is a type of food.
Exocentric
The meaning of the compound doesn't result from its component
Example: Red head is a person with red head, not a type of head.

11. Compounds’ formation Types of Compound nouns:
Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic units.
Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup.
Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined by hyphens.
Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper.
Opened or Spaced form: long words such as : distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.

12. Analyzability: ( Transparency):
The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different ways:
1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of the head. The modifier limits the meaning. (endocentric compounds) Example: blackboard.
2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds)
Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager.
3. The meaning could be a generalization when the meaning could be induced from both units.
Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is both fighter and bomber.

13. Types of Compound adjectives Solid modifiers:
Compound Adjectives: It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand one.
Types of Compound adjectives
Solid modifiers:
Overtime usage: blackboard, downtown.
Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold, fifteenfold.
Points of compass: northwest, northwester

15. Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun:
round table → round-table discussion
blue sky → blue-sky law
red light → red-light district
four wheels → four-wheel drive (the singular, not the plural, is used)
Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or on adverb:
feel good → feel-good factor
buy now, pay later → buy-now pay-later purchase

16. Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition.
stick on → stick-on label
walk on → walk-on part
stand by → stand-by fare
roll on, roll off → roll-on roll-off ferry

17. Compound Verbs
It is usually composed of a modifier and a verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun
Examples:
Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.

18. Phrasal verbs: Examples:
They are a combination of verb and prepositions. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context.
The meaning of each word cannot be determined separately.
Examples:
Give in, find out, look after, blame on, serve as, look up to, etc.

19. Compounding in Arabic:

20. Other categories Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19
Compound particles الحروف المركبة
( انما ، ربما، ريثما، حيثما، كيفما ، سيما ولا سيما )
*Defective verb Compounds:
ما برح ، ما دام ، ما زال، ما فتئ
*Two interrogative pronouns
ماذا و منذا
*proper noun:
القاموس المحيط
التل الكبير

21. Compound Nouns: The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read seaالبحر الاحمر
A different syntactic structure: قسم من اقسام الكلام
Arabic possessive or Genitive structure:
طلوع النهار ، عابر سبيل

22. Compound Adjective Single-word adjectives: Trustworthyموثوق
Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweetمر حلو dark blueازرق غامق
Simile: red-hotحار كالجمر blood-redاحمر كالدم
N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep.
Sea-sickمصاب بدوران البحر blood thirstyمتعطش للدماء
Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive:
Ever greenدائم الخضرة ever-ripe زائد الخضرة