1. Do Now
1. ___ H+ equals OH-
2. ___ pH values of basic (alkaline solution)
3. ___ pH values of acidic solution
4. ___ Progressing from weak to strong acid
5. ___ Progressing from weak to strong base
6. ___ Result of adding H+ to a solution 7 14
acid
base a e b
 d
f 
c 
 g

2. Biochemistry Every chemical compound is either organic or inorganic
Contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Found in things are alive or were alive
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Covalent are the strongest type of bonds

3. Is water organic or inorganic? What about carbon dioxide?

4. Now try these on for size
HCl CH4
C6H12O6 COH H2SO4

5. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

6. Carbohydrates Use: to make ENERGY!! Carbs have a 2:1 ratio End in -ose
Example: Maltose, glucose

7. Bonds between carbs are called glycosidic linkages (alpha-, Beta - ß
Simple carbs are often drawn as stick figures, although when place in a solution
Will form a ring
Bonds between carbs are called glycosidic linkages (alpha-, Beta - ß
Helix = alpha
Straight line = Beta

8. Examples Glucose Fructose Used in animals Used in plants
These are monosaccharides
1 sugar molecule

9. Do Now
Color the glucose green, fructose red, and the O-H and H’s blue

10. Disaccharides 2 sugars joined together Example:
Maltose (corn syrup) Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose

11. BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates Starch (amylose)
energy storage in plants
potatoes
glycogen
energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles
cellulose
structure in plants
cell walls
chitin
structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton
poly = many

12. Building BIG carbohydrates
polysaccharide
glucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch
(plant)
energy storage
glycogen
(animal)

13. Label the following as mono, di, or poly saccharides.2. 1. 3.

14. Do Now What elements are carbohydrates made of?
What do you notice about the overall shape of a carbohydrate in solution?
What do you notice about the number of hydrogen atoms compared to the number of carbon and oxygen?

15. Do Now
Which of these are a carbohydrate?
C6H12O12
C6H6O12
C6H12O6
C12H11O22

16. Dehydration Synthesis
AKA condensation reactions
To dehydrate means
Remove water
Synthesize means
To put together
To join by removing a water molecule

17. Hydrolysis Hydrate means to Lysis means
Add water
Lysis means
To split
Separating monomers by adding water

18. What life process is this?
Sugars contain large amounts of energy that are broken down in the presence of oxygen.
What life process is this?
Aerobic respiration!!!
The energy is stored in the bonds of the molecule
And is released as the bonds are broken

19. What would you expect to contain the most energy
What would you expect to contain the most energy? Mono, di, or polysaccharides? Why?

21. 1. Hand in Dehydration Lab 2. Download Insulin Webquest
Do Now
1. Hand in Dehydration Lab
2. Download Insulin Webquest

22. Do Now
Are these molecules organic or inorganic? Which of these are carbohydrates?
C12H24O11
CO2
C12H22O11
NaCl
C12H22O11Ca

23. Hypothesis Answer the question:
What type of carbohydrate does Benedict’s solution indicate for?
What type of carbohydrate does Lugol’s Iodine indicate for?

24. Carb Indicator Lab 15 drops of each known type of carbohydrate
15 drops of benedict’s
2 drops of Iodine
10 drops of each unknown carbohydrate
10 drops of benedict’s solution

25. Do Now Hand in carb lab (Lab #9)
You have an unknown sample. Your results of the Benedict’s test is blue and the result of the Iodine test is orange. What type of carbohydrate is it?

26. Testing for carbohydrates
Benedict’s Solution
Tests for simple sugars
Blue solution becomes orange when heated in the presence of sugar
Lugol’s Solution
Tests for starch
Amber turns blue/black in presence of starch

27. Lipids

28. Lipids
Uses: cushioning, insulation, energy storage (2x as much energy as carbs) STORES THE MOST ENERGY
Not soluble in water, but soluble in hydrophobic solvents
Examples: fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroid hormones, triglycerides
Chemical Messengers (hormones)
Plants store oils in seeds (peanut or corn oil)
Animals store fat under the skin (adipose muscle)
Composed of 3 fatty acid chains and 1 glycerol

29. 3 carbons with a hydroxide group (OH) bonded to each carbon
Fatty Acids
Long chains of carbons (hydrocarbons) with a carboxyl group at one end (COOH) C H O C H
Glycerol
3 carbons with a hydroxide group (OH) bonded to each carbon H C OH

30. Saturated fats All carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds
Usually solid fats

31. Unsaturated fats One or more bonds are double or triple bonds
Usually oils
Which is worse for you?
Why?

32. Do Now
What are 2 main differences between a carbohydrate and a lipid?

34. Very Nonpolar means hydrophobic
Repels water
Main form of energy storage in animals
Greater mobility for animals

35. Lipids aka triglycerides
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Phospholipids are lipids with phosphate on one side
Phosphate end is hydrophilic while the fatty acids are hydrophobic.
Phospholipids form the basic structure of cell membranes

36. Waxes alcohols attached on ends of fatty acids chains
Form protective coating to keep water and bacteria out
Example: bees wax

37. Steroids and Cholesterol
Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen)