1. Discourse

2. Discourse Definition Language use beyond sentence
Language use in contexts
Social practice

3. Text Discourse is realised by texts Communication happens in text
Text is central to discourse analysis
What is text?

4. TEXT CULTURE Genre (Purpose) Situation Who is involved? (Tenor)
Subject matter Channel
(Field) (Mode)
Register
TEXT

5. Text It is a semantic unit.
Something is called a text when it is meaningful.
It is spoken and written.
It is not a phonological or a graphological unit.
It occurs in a context of situation.

6. There are three elements
Context of situation
There are three elements
Subject matter (field)
Participants involved (tenor)
Channel (mode)

7. Context of culture Every culture produces text types.
A text type is a genre
Two general purposes: Transactional and Interpersonal genres
Transactional: to get something done
Interpersonal: for different purposes of communication

8. Basic English genres Procedure Descriptive Narrative Recount report
News item
Discussion
Explanation
Exposition
Review

9. Text analysis Needs linguistic analysis
Interpretation is based on linguistic evidence
Text analysts need the right ‘knife’ to cut the right ‘bread’
Different ‘knives’ for different ‘bread’

10. Discourse analysis
How texts relate to contexts of situation and context of culture
How texts are produced as a social practice
What texts tell us about happenings, what people think, believe etc.
How texts represent ideology (power struggle etc.)

11. Text & Discourse Analyses (Nunan, 1993)
Text analysis is the study of formal linguistic devices that distinguish a text from random sentences.
Discourse analysts study these text-forming devices with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, and the context within which the discourse was created. The ultimate goal is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to communicate.

12. Communication Exchange of meanings Happens in texts
See the following diagram on stratification and metafunctions

13. Discourse Semantic Level
CULTURAL LEVEL
Discourse Semantic Level
Textual
Interpersonal
Lexicogrammatical
Level
Ideational
Phonology/
Graphology
Level

14. Stratification Discourse semantic level Lexico-grammatical level
Phonological / graphological level
All of these are related by realisation

15. Metafunctions (Abstract Meanings)
Ideational meanings
Interpersonal meanings
Textual meanings
Logical meanings

16. Ideational Meanings Meanings about phenomena
About things and goings on
About circumstances surrounding the happenings and doings
Realised in wordings through Participants, Processes and Circumstancees
Centrally influenced by the field of discourse

17. Examples Polar bears eat fish Participant: Actor Process: Material
Goal
Polar bears
are
good hunters
Participant:
Carrier
Process:
Attributive
Attribute

18. The Mountain
Long ago, a great mountain began to rumble and shake. People came from far and near to see what would happen.
“A great river will be born,” said one.
“A mighty dragon will come out,” said another.
“A god himself will spring from these rocks,” said a third.
Finally, a small crack appeared in the mountainside. And out popped a mouse.

19. Interpersonal meanings
Express a speaker’s attitudes and judgements
For acting upon and with others
Realised in wordings through MOOD and modality.
Most centrally influenced by tenor of discourse

20. Examples (Gerot and Wignell 1995:13)
Declarative:
We inspect the growing plants every week
Imperative:
Brock, get those plants inspected right now!
Consider the interpersonal relations between speakers.

21. examples Brock, do you really expect me to believe this crap?
Mr. Brock, I find your position unatenable
Consider the degree of informality or formality

22. Examples Mr. Brock is a fine, upstanding employee.
Brock is a lazy, incompetent fool.
Consider the attitudinal lexis which express affect, the degree of like and dislike

23. Examples: Modality Unfortunately, Brock is an inspector.
Consider the Mood Adjunct which reveal attitude or judgment.
The crop might be inspected.
The crop should be inspected
The crop must be inspected
Consider modal operators revealing the speaker’ certainty.

24. The Prayer
I pray you'll be our eyes And watch us where we go And help us to be wise In times when we don't know
Let this be our prayer As we go our way Lead us to a place Guide us with your Grace To a place where we'll be safe

25. Love Changes Everything
Love will turn your world around
And that world would last forever
Yes, love, love changes everything
Brings you glory, brings you shame
Nothing in the world will ever be the same
Love, into the world we go
Planning future, shaping years
Love does its acts suddenly
All our wisdom disappears
Love makes moves on everyone
All the rules we make are broken
Live or perish in its name
Love will never, never let you be the same
Love, love changes everything
Hands and faces, birds and sky
How you live and how you die
Love can make the summer fly
Or a night seem like a lifetime
Yes, love, love changes everything
Now I tremble at your name
Nothing in the world will ever be
the same
Days are longer, words mean more
Pain is deeper than before

26. Textual Meanings
Express the relation of language to its environment (including what has been spoken or written before).
Realised through patterns of Theme and cohesion.
Most centrally influenced by mode of discourse

27. The linguistic differences between the following spoken and written texts below relate primarily to differences in thematic choices and patterns of cohesion.
This is yer phone bill and you hafta go to the Post Office to pay it – uh, by next Monday – that’s what this box tells ya – or they’ll cut yer phone off!
All phone bills must be paid by the date shown or service will be discontinued.

28. The relationship between context, meanings and wordings
Context Text
Semantics Lexicogrammar
(meanings) (wordings)
Field Ideational Transitivity
(what is going on) (Processes, Participants,
Circumstances
Tenor Interpersonal Mood and Modality
(Social relations) (Speech roles, attitudes)
Mode Textual Theme, Cohesion
(Contextual coherence)