1. The Science of Biology

2. What is Biology?
The study of living things, their environment and their behavior within their environment.
What is ?
Science
an organized body of knowledge that
has developed through observation
and experimentation

3. Thinking Like a Scientist

4. A systematic approach to problem solving
Scientific method
Recognize (State) the Problem
Gathering Information
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
Record Data
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions
Develop New Questions

5. Step One: State the Problem
What question are you trying to answer?
Begins with ______________-
observations
use of the 5 senses to gather facts or data about events and processes
Written in the form of a _____________________
question

6. Step Two: Gather Information
Ask questions
Research
Repeatable observations are known as ___________.
facts

7. Step Three: Forming a Hypothesis
What do you think the outcome will be?
Hypothesis -
possible solution to the problem
Must be ____________
Testable
observations
Based on __________

8. There are two groups in an experiment:
Step Four: Testing the Hypothesis
procedure
a scientific __________carried out according to certain ___________.
step-by-step ________ procedure.
experiment -
guidelines
numbered
There are two groups in an experiment:
Experimental Group
(receives a variable)
and
(Does not receive a variable)
Control Group
variable -
a factor that can be changed.

9. Variables that remain the same
Constants -
Variables that remain the same
control -
Standards used for comparison
Does not receive a variable change
Why do you perform a control group?
To avoid the possibilities of hidden, unknown variables or outliers

10. Group A With fertilizer Group B Without fertilizer Experimental Group
Control Group

11. Independent (manipulated) Variable -
Step four, cont
Independent (manipulated) Variable -
variable changed on purpose by the scientist.
Dependent (responding) Variable -
the factor being observed or measured.

12. With fertilizer Group A Group B Without fertilizer Experimental Group
Independent Variable –
The addition of fertilizer
Dependent Variable -
The amount of growth of each plant
Group B
Without fertilizer
Control Group

13. A systematic approach to problem solving
Scientific method
Recognize the Problem
Gathering Information
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
Record Data
Analyze Your data
Draw Conclusions
Develop New Questions

14. Step Five: Record and Analyze Data
Recorded observations and measurements
Data -
There is two types of data:
Quantitative - expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring
There are 4 eggs in the nest.
Qualitative - descriptive
The eggs are brown and white.

15. a method used to best understand
the data
Analyzing –.
An opinion or prediction based on data.
Inferences -

16. Inferences Observations The chair has 4 strong legs.
The chair has 4 legs.
The car is red.
The car is fast.

17. A systematic approach to problem solving
Scientific method
Recognize the Problem
Gathering Information
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
Record Data
Analyze Your data
Draw Conclusions
Develop New Questions

18. Three Basic Graph Types
Analyze Your Data
a visual display of the information
or data
Graph –
Three Basic Graph Types
Line
Bar
Circle

19. Line Graph - represents “change over time” data.

20. A Bar Graph are useful for comparing information collected by counting.

21. A Pie or Circle Graph is used to show how a fixed quantity is broken into parts. Represented as percentages of the total.

22. A systematic approach to problem solving
Scientific method
Recognize the Problem
Gathering Information
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
Record Data
Analyze Your data
Draw Conclusions
Develop New Questions

23. Step 6: Stating a Conclusion
______________- a statement based on the results of the experiment, your hypothesis and your problem.
may or may not support the hypothesis.
The results from a single experiment or trial are not enough to reach a conclusion, it must be performed many times to be considered accurate and before a conclusion can be reached

24. A systematic approach to problem solving
Scientific method
Recognize the Problem
Gathering Information
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
Record Data
Analyze Your data
Draw Conclusions
Develop New Questions

25. What happens if the data do not support the hypothesis?
Redo the experiment
Designed a new experiment

26. Tools
and
Procedures

27. Used to contain reaction solutions
Erlenmeyer Flask

28. Most versatile
Used for ballpark estimates
Beakers

29. Test tube and holder

30. Used to make accurate liquid volume measurements
Graduated Cylinder

31. How to read a graduated cylinder.
meniscus
meniscus
With water in glass, the ________will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the _________of it.
bottom

32. 9.8 ml
31 ml
14 ml
27 ml
77.3 ml
35.4 ml
45 ml
10.3 ml

33. Compound light
Microscopes
SEM
TEM

34. Bird’s feather on SEM
Yeast spore, Froze in milliseconds with liquid nitrogen, and imaged with a transmission electron microscope.

35. SEM - Ant

36. Which type of microscope would best serve to investigate the following?

37. Compound light

38. SEM – Red Blood Cells

39. Characteristics of Living Things

40. The Characteristics of Life
All living things….
…no matter how different from each other they may be….
….share a set of common characteristics.

41. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of______ cells basic unit of life

42. Organisms are grouped by their number of cells

43. ____________organisms are
UNICELLULAR
____________organisms are
single cell (made of only 1 cell)
bacteria
(Ex: _________)

44. MADE OF MANY CELLS ________________ organisms begin
as _________ but as adults are
_________________________
Ex: (___________
__________ )
MULTICELLULAR
ONE CELL
MADE OF MANY CELLS
a human, animals, tree, plants
Images from:

45. Cells contain an universal _______code
genetic
DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid)
the directions for inheritance, determines the inherited traits of every organism on earth

46. All living things _________
reproduce
Two Types
Sexual reproduction
_____________
Seen in animals and plants
combines the genetic material from _____________
2 parents
sperm + egg = baby
different
Offspring ________from parents
Family image from:

47. _________________________
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
_________________________
makes a new organism
using the
from _________________
Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals
genetic material
ONLY 1 PARENT
Offspring ________ to parent
identical
Planaria animation:

48. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Growth
Image by Riedell
Growth
_________ an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures
Development
__________________ all of the changes (rapid and dramatic) that take place during the life of an organism

49. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop
Image by Riedell
_____________ organisms, grow by ________________.
SINGLE CELLED
INCREASING in SIZE

50. Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________
Image by Riedell
Image from:
Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________
AND _____________________.
increasing cell size
increasing cell number

51. DIFFERENTIATION
_______________________________ – as cells divides they become specialized in structure and function. Some cell change to form liver cells, some brain cells, other muscle cells

52. The process of changing Embryonic Stem Cells into cells that are specialized in structure and function =
__________________________
DIFFERENTIATION
Image from:

53. ALL LIVING THINGS Need Materials & Use Energy
To grow and develop, organisms need a constant supply of building materials & energy
______ - the ability to cause change
Energy

54. the combination of all the _________________ through which an organism ________ or ___________ materials as it carries out its life processes
= ___________________
chemical reactions
builds up
breaks down
metabolism
Our main source of energy comes from the _______
Sun

55. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment
_____________ everything that surrounds us; living and nonliving
A signal to which an organism responds
= ____________
STIMULUS
 Image from:

56. A stimulus can be _________________ EXTERNAL
 Image from:
A stimulus can be
_________________
EXTERNAL
Ex: When there is enough water
and ground is warm enough,
seed germinates. Roots respond to
gravity & grow downward. Leaves respond to sunlight & grow up.

57. ____________ INTERNAL
A stimulus can be
____________
INTERNAL
Ex: When the glucose level in your bloodstream becomes low, your body responds by making you feel hungry.

58. Vocab Word
The reaction of an organism's to a stimulus
Response

59. VOCAB WORD
Controlling an organism’s internal system to maintain constant balance - __________
HOMEOSTASIS
If body temp drops too low,
“shivering” produces heat to warm you up.
If temp is too hot, “sweating” cools you down.

60. All living things adapt and evolve
An inherited body structure, behavior, or internal process that allows an organism to respond to its environment and survive to produce offspring
Adaptation

61. The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time -
EVOLUTION
survival
Allows _______ of species in a changing world.

62. Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS
Made of _________
2. Contain ____________________
3. Two types
4. _______ and ____________
5. Need________ & use _______
6. ________ to their environment
maintain internal balance -
7. ________ and _________
cells
universal genetic code - DNA
Reproduce
Grow develop
materials energy
Respond
homeostasis
Adapt
Evolve

63. Levels of Organization
Atom
Levels of Organization
Molecular
Tissues: groups of cells that perform a specific function in an organism
Muscle, nerve
Organs: groups of different tissues that function together for a specific purpose
Organ systems:
Made of several organs working together to perform a function
Cellular
Groups of Cells

64. Organisms

66. Species

67. Population

68. Community

69. Ecosystem

73. An increase in size is known as a. growth. b. metabolism.
c. development.
d. differentiation. 78

74. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
a. use of energy
b. made of cells
c. stable internal environment
d. need for oxygen 79

75. The genetic code is carried in Water. DNA. Proteins. Soil.80

76. a. organisms, cells, populations, molecules, ecosystems
Which of the following shows the levels of organization in correct order from the simplest to the most complex?
a. organisms, cells, populations, molecules, ecosystems
b. ecosystems, populations, organisms, cells, molecules
c. molecules, cells, organisms, populations, ecosystems
d. molecules, organisms, cells, populations, ecosystems 81

77. The Origin of Life

78. Spontaneous Generation
The idea that organisms developed directly from nonliving matter.
"life from nonlife"
Also called ______________
Abiogenesis

79. Biogenesis
The idea that living things are produced only from other living things.

80. History: Abiogenesis was widely believed until the 19th century.
Several scientists performed experiments that disproved spontaneous generation
* Francisco Redi
* Louis Pasteur

81. Francesco Redi, 1668

82. Redi's Problem
Where do maggots come from?
Hypothesis:
Experiment:
Redi put 4 types of meat into separate jars. Some covered and some uncovered
Maggots come from eggs laid by flies. Keeping flies away from meat will prevent maggots.

84. What is the manipulated (independent) variable?
What is the responding (dependent) variable?

85. Redi’s critics said: You have too many variables
There is a lack of access and a lack of air.
We ALL know that everything needs air
Of course no flies grew!
You haven’t proven anything.

87. Redi’s Conclusions: Life comes from ______
However, if someone were to demonstrate even one exception to this hypothesis, then Redi’s hypothesis would be rejected.
Life

89. Louis Pasteur, 1864

92. Louis Pasteur, 1864
Finally settled the argument over “spontaneous generation” or abiogensis.
Showed that all living things come from other living things

93. The End