1. 2.07-2.08 Remember the structures of the digestive system

2. Bell work
Write out the pathway of food through the body and draw what you believe that looks like.

3. DIGESTION
The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells.
BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – created from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus
PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestines

4. You should include the following structures on your diagram:
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Palate
Uvula
Esophagus
Stomach:
fundus, body, pylorus, cardiac sphincter,
pyloric sphincter
Small intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Pancreas
Liver Gallbladder
Large Intestine: Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, cecum, sigmoid, rectum, anus

5. Structures of the digestive system
Also known as:
Alimentary Canal
Digestive Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Upper GI
Lower GI
Over 30’ in length from mouth to anus

6. Structures of the digestive system
Primary structures
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Accessory structures
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

7. Structures of the digestive system
Mouth
(buccal cavity)
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary Glands
Palate
Uvula
The physical breakdown of food begins here first…digestion begins in the mouth

8. Structures of the digestive system
Tongue
Attached to floor of mouth
Made of skeletal muscle attached to four bones
Taste buds on the surface
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty

9. Structures of the digestive system
Teeth
Primary (deciduous)
20 “baby teeth”
Secondary (permanent)
32 “adult teeth”
Did you know???
Canine teeth are also
known as cuspids and
eye teeth.
Teeth and tongue aid in physical / mechanical digestion of food

10. Structures of the digestive system
Salivary glands
Parotid gland
Largest salivary gland
Ptyalin in saliva converts starches to simple sugars causes the initial chemical breakdown.
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

11. Structures of the digestive system
Palate – separates the mouth from the nasal cavity
Hard
Soft
Uvula
Flap of skin
hanging in the
back of the throat
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

12. Structures of the digestive system
Pharynx (throat)
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

13. Structures of the digestive system
Esophagus
Muscular tube, 10” long
Connects the pharynx and stomach

15. Structures of the digestive system
Stomach
Upper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

17. Cardiac sphincter - controls passage of food into stomach and keeps it from going back into the throat.
PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food into duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds when the stomach is empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small intestine
2 – 4 hours for stomach to empty

19. Structures of the digestive system
Small intestines – main function is absorption of NUTRIENTS
Duodenum
First segment
12’ long
Jejunum
Second segment
8’ long
Ileum
Third segment
10-12’ long

21. Structures of the digestive system
Large intestines
Approximately 2” in diameter
5’ long
Responsible for elimination of waste and absorption of water

23. Functions of the digestive system
Teeth
Define mastication.
How is the tooth’s shape related to its function?
Incisors
Cuspids
Bicuspids
Molars
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

24. Accessory Organs of Digestion
PANCREAS
Located behind stomach
Exocrine function – secretes digestive enzymes to break down food. Pancreatic amylase
Also has endocrine function.
Feather shaped organ

25. Functions of the digestive system
Liver
Produce and store glucose in the form of GLYCOGEN
Detoxify alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
Manufacture blood proteins
Manufactures bile which aid in digestion of fat to fatty acids
Store Vitamins A, D and B complex
Connects to gall bladder and small intestine by ducts

26. Functions of the digestive system
Gallbladder
Small muscular green sac that secretes and stores bile
Located in the right upper quadrant of abdominal cavity.
When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder

27. Functions of the digestive system
Large intestine
CHYME – semi-liquid food and gastric juices
Approx 2” in diameter
Also called the colon
CECUM – lower right portion of large intestine
APPENDIX-blind sac attached to cecum, having no known function
RECTUM – last portion of large intestine
ANUS – external opening of the Lg. intestine

28. Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia
Decreased or poor appetite
Symptom
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorder
Bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) is a psychiatric disorder as well VS
Opposite disorder = obesity

30. Obesity is one of the common eating disorders in the United States.
A person is considered obese if their BMI (body mass index is above 30.
How to calculate BMI:
BMI = ( lbs/inches² )
(weight in pounds * 703 )
————————————
height in inches²
BMI
Weight Status
Below 18.5
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
30 & Above
Obese

31. Disorders of the digestive system
Caries
Cavities
How often should you brush and floss?
Can you identify
preventive measures?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

32. Disorders of the digestive system
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Sx = pain that radiates to right shoulder…frequently after eating fatty foods
How is it treated? - cholecystectomy
Cholelithiasis – gall stones

33. Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
Hard and/or soft palate doesn’t close completely during fetal development
Problems swallowing
Surgery needed to repair
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

34. Disorders of the digestive system
Cirrhosis
Chronic, progressive disease of liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue.
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption (also caused by Tylenol use)

35. Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation
When defecation delayed, feces become dry and hard
Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

36. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Diarrhea
Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food

37. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = virus
Sxs – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for hours
Complication = dehydration
Prevention…good handwashing

38. Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Reflux of gastric acid into the espohagus
Sx – burning sensation that often worsens with laying flat…gets better with sitting up or raising head of bed

39. Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis-inflammation of liver; can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis or liver cancer
Acute –6months or less
Chronic –greater than 6 months
Symptoms: jaundice, feeling tired, stomach ache, nausea, diarrhea, no appetite, fever, and headaches
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

40. Jaundice is caused by too much bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice is caused by too much bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment (a chemical in the body that has a color) that your body makes from old red blood cells in the spleen, an organ next to your stomach. The bilirubin then goes to the liver, where it's combined with other molecules to make bile

41. Types A, B, and C are the most common
Types B and C are the only ones that cause chronic Hepatitis
Type A transmitted by contaminated food and/or water with fecal matter
Type B transmitted by infected blood, semen, and other body fluids
Type C transmitted by someone with infected blood usually by IV needle use
Type D and Type E do exist; Type E more common in other parts of world.

42. Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome
Cause unknown
Sx – abdmonial pain, bloating, diarrhea and constipation (alternating)
Rx – lifestyle and diet changes, medication
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

43. Disorders of the digestive system
Chron’s Disease
and Ulcerative Colitis
Autoimmune disorders
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
Sxs – abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, malnutrition

44. In Crohn's disease, there are healthy parts of the intestine mixed inbetween inflamed areas. Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, is continuous inflammation of the colon. Ulcerative colitis only affects the inner most lining of the colon while Crohn's disease can occur in all the layers of the bowel walls.

45. Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer - Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs

46. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Vitamins
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water soluble
Vitamins C, B
Proteins aid in wound healing
Carbohydrates such as bread and pasta offer quick energy
Electrolytes
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium