1. Introduction to the Human Body
Chapter 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology?
- science of structure
- relationships revealed by dissection and imaging techniques
Physiology
- science of body functions

3. Levels of Organization

4. Systems of the Human Body

5. Systems of the Human Body

6. Systems of the Human Body

7. Systems of the Human Body

8. Systems of the Human Body

9. Systems of the Human Body

10. Basic Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness
- Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body
- Catabolism: the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
- Anabolism: the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Responsiveness
- Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
- Decrease in body temperature
- Responding to sound
- Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting)

11. Basic Life Processes Movement Growth Differentiation
- Motion of the whole body
- Organs, cells, and tiny subcellular structures
- Leg muscles move the body from one place to another
Growth
- Increase in body size
- Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both
- In bone growth materials between cells increase
Differentiation
- Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state
- Cells have specialized structures/functions that differ from precursor cells
- Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Reproduction
- Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)
- Production of a new individual

12. Homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment.
Maintaining the internal environment within physiological
limits is extremely important.
Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by different stimuli:
external stimuli: intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
internal stimuli: psychological stresses, exercise
Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result.

13. Body Fluids Fluid compartments
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - fluid within cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - fluid outside cells
- Interstitial fluid – ECF between cells and tissues
ICF
ECF

14. ECF Types and Locations
Blood Plasma
- ECF within blood vessels
Lymph
- ECF within lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- ECF in the brain and spinal cord
Synovial fluid
- ECF in joints
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
- ECF in eyes

15. Interstitial Fluid and Body Function
Cellular function depends on the regulation of composition of interstitial fluid
Composition of interstitial fluid changes as it moves
Movement back and forth across capillary walls provide nutrients (glucose, oxygen, ions) to tissue cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide)

16. Control of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted
Physical insults
Intense heat or lack of oxygen
Changes in the internal environment
Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food
Physiological stress
Demands of work or school
Disruptions
Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
Intense and Prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)

17. Control of Homeostasis
Feedback Loops
Receptor
monitors a controlled condition
Control center
determines next action
Effector
receives directions from the control center
produces a response that changes the controlled condition

18. Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
Negative feedback loop
original stimulus reversed
most feedback systems in the body are negative
used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure
Positive feedback loop
original stimulus intensified
seen during normal childbirth

19. Homeostatic Imbalances
Disorder: abnormality of function
Disease: homeostatic imbalance with distinct -
Symptoms: changes in body function felt by the patient such as nausea
Signs: changes in body function that can be observed by the doctor such as rash or fever
Diagnosis: skill of distinguishing one disease from another
Epidemiology: how a disease is transmitted
Pharmacology: how drugs used to treat disease

20. Basic Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Regions of the body
Directional terms
Anatomical planes and sections
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

21. Anatomical Position
Standardized position from which to describe directional terms
standing upright
facing the observer, head level
eyes facing forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at the sides
palms turned forward
Prone position = lying face down
Supine position = lying face up
anatomical position?

22. Regional Terms

23. Directional Terms

24. Directional Terms

25. Body Planes Sagittal midsagittal parasagittal Frontal/Coronal
Transverse/Horizontal
Oblique

26. Body Planes and Sections

27. Body Planes and Sections

28. Body Planes and Sections

29. Body Cavities

30. Body Cavities - Thoracic
Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle
Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

31. Body Cavities - Thoracic

32. Body Cavities - Thoracic

33. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm
Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

34. Serous Membranes Membrane on the organ is called visceral
Membrane on the wall
of the cavity is called
the parietal

35. Pleural & Pericardial Membranes
Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs --- Parietal pleura lines chest wall
Visceral pericardium covers heart --- Parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac

36. Peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum --- serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera (organs)
Parietal peritoneum serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall

37. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

38. Medical Imaging Allows visualization of structures without surgery
Useful for confirmation of diagnosis
Examples:
Radiography Ultrasound (US)
CT PET
MRI Radionuclide scanning
Endoscopy

39. Radiography

40. Radiography

41. Radiography

42. Radiography

43. Radiography

44. Radiography

45. Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

46. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

47. Ultrasound (US)

48. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

49. Radionuclide Scanning

50. Endoscopy