1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy vs. Physiology Study dead things No Movements
Study specific organs by dissection
Mass, Shape, etc.
Directional Terms used to describe locations
Technique: Observe
Study living things
Movements
Study organ’s interactions or functions
Chemistry and Physics Principles
Technique: Experiment

4. Levels of Study (1 of 2) Gross Anatomy Large structures
Easily observable

5. Levels of Study (2 of 2) Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4

6. Levels of Organization
Atoms (Carbon) - Chemical level
Cells (Skin Cell)- Cellular level
Tissues (Epithelium)- Tissue level
Organs (Liver, Lungs)- Organ level
Organ Sys (Digestive Sys)- Organ Sys level
Organism (Human)- Organismal level

7. Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

8. Levels of Organization
Atoms - tiny building blocks of matter
Cells - smallest unit of living things
Tissues - groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organs - composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function
Organ system - group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose
Organism - the living body which consists of eleven organ systems

9. Write down in a list as many organ systems as you can name
Write down in a list as many organ systems as you can name. (20 seconds)

10. Answers: Integumentary Digestive Muscular Respiratory Circulatory
Urinary
Nervous
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Skeletal
Reproductive

11. Organ Systems (1 of 11) Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

12. Organ System (2 of 11) Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

13. Organ System (3 of 11) Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores mineral
Figure 1.2b

14. Organ System (4 of 11) Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

15. Organ System (5 of 11) Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

16. Organ System (6 of 11) Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen & Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

17. Organ System (7 of 11) Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

18. Organ System (8 of 11) Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

19. Organ System (9 of 11) Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

20. Organ System (10 of 11) Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

21. Organ System (11 of 11) Reproductive Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k

22. Do Now 1 Name the system that the phrase describes:
1. Consists of the skin, hair and nails.
2. Function is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
_________________________________
3. Organize the levels of organization from highest to lowest.

23. Question 4 1. Integumentary System 2. Respiratory System
4. Highest to lowest:
Organism
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Chemicals

24. Necessary Life Functions & Homeostasis
On to the next section
Necessary Life Functions & Homeostasis

25. Necessary Life Functions Living things need this to survive:
Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients

26. Necessary Life Functions Things your body needs to do for survival.
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

27. Necessary Life Functions Things your body needs to do for survival.
Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number

28. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions

29. Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

30. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease and/or death
List three examples of homeostatic imbalances (stimulus) for humans.

31. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center

32. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

33. Using the process…
Look at the homeostatic imbalances you just mentioned..
Come up with the process your body would go through when affected by these imbalances.
Receptor of this stimulus would be?
Control Center running the operation would be?
Effectors sending the message would be?

34. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

35. Position

36. Anatomical position Standard position
Standing erect with feet apart and palms forward

37. Direction
Homework Due Friday 8/29: Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide.
EXAMPLE:
The carpal is proximal to the digitals.
The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.

38. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1

39. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)

40. Orientation and Directional Terms
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh.
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
The lungs are deep.

41. Structures
Homework Due FRIDAY 8/30 : Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide.
EXAMPLE:
The carpal is proximal to the digitals.
The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.

42. Anterior Body Landmarks
Figure 1.5a

43. Anterior body landmarks
abdominal - anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
acromial – point of shoulder
antecubital - anterior surface of the elbow
axillary - armpit
brachial - arm
buccal - cheek area
carpal - wrist
cervical - neck region
coxal – hip
crural - leg
digital - fingers, toes

44. Anterior body landmarks cont’d
femoral – thigh
fibular - lateral part of leg
inguinal - area where thigh meets body trunk
nasal – nose area
oral - mouth
orbital - eye area
patellar - anterior knee
pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
pubic - genital region
sternal – breastbone area
tarsal – ankle region
thoracic - chest
umbilical - navel

45. Posterior Body Landmarks
Figure 1.5b

46. Posterior body landmarks
calcaneal – heel of foot
cephalic – head
deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
femoral - thigh
gluteal - buttock
lumbar - back between ribs and hips
occipital - back surface of head
olecranal – posterior surface of elbow

47. Posterior body landmarks cont’d
popliteal - back of knee
sacral – area between hips
scapular – shoulder blade region
sural - back of lower leg, calf
vertebral – area of the spine
plantar – sole of the foot

48. Region

49. Body Planes Plane - an imaginary line where a section or cut is made
3 types of planes

50. Body Planes
Figure 1.6

51. Body Planes
Sagittal plane - cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, dividing the body into right and left parts.
Also called the median

52. Body Planes
Frontal plane - cut made dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Also called the coronal

53. Body Planes
Transverse plane - cut made along horizontal dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
Also called a cross section

54. Body Cavities
Figure 1.7

55. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity cranial cavity – brain
spinal cavity – vertebral column, spinal cord
KNOW WHAT IS IN THE CAVITIES!

56. Body Cavities Ventral body cavity - very large
contains all the structures of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart
Diaphragm - separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity (2 cavities in one!)
Abdominal cavity - stomach, liver, intestine
Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

57. Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c

58. Ways to separate body Quadrants Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant

59. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Why have these quadrants?
Let’s say you’re a surgeon who is told the patient you’re about to operate on has a blockage in the large intestine.
- If no further information is provided to you, where could you go wrong when making your incision?
Figure 1.8a

60. Ways to separate body Abdominopelvic Regions
umbilical region - center, belly button
epigastric region - above the umbilical region
hypogastric region - below the umbilical region
iliac or inguinal regions - hip regions
lumbar regions - above hip bones
hypochondriac regions - over the ribs

61. Abdominopelvic Regions (Slightly smaller areas than the quadrants)
Figure 1.8b

62. Don’t forget! :)
Homework Due FRIDAY 8/30 : Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide.
EXAMPLE:
The carpal is proximal to the digitals.
The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.