1. Lower Limb Osteology
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Foot

2. Hip Osteology

4. Pelvis
Sacrum
coxal (hip) bones
coxal (hip) bones

5. Pelvis

6. Review Hip
The pelvis resembles two fish eating a butterfly. The butte rfly is the sacrum - fig. 2-11). The bodies of the fish are the bodies of the ilium. Each fish has 2 tail fins. The "superior" fin of each fish is touching the "superior" tail fin of the other (in the region of the symphysis pubis).The super ior tail fin is the pubis. The inferior ta il fin isthe ischium. In adults all these bones are fused. There is a back fin (the acetabulum). Attached to the inferior tail fin (ischium) within the pelvis is the ischial spine. The chin of the fish is the arcuate line. The true pelvis lies between the two fish below the level of the arcuate lines.The false pelvis lies above the arcuate lines and includes the area covering the fishes' faces and bodies.

10. X-Ray of Hip

11. Movements of the Hip Joint
1. Femoral-on-Pelvic Osteokinematics: rotation of the femur about a fixed pelvis
2. Pelvic-on-Femoral Osteokinematics: rotation of the pelvis over fixed femurs
Names of Movements:
Flexion and Extension in Sagittal Plane
Abduction and Adduction in Frontal Plane
Internal and External Rotation in the Horizontal Plane 11

12. Knee osteology

13. Tibia Proximal end

15. Tibiofemoral (knee) Joint

16. Attachments

18. Strengthening Anterior Aspect of Knee Joint
Patellar ligament
Strengthening Anterior Aspect of Knee Joint

19. Leg and Ankle

25. Arches of the Foot