1. Preparing for War : The North and the South
APUSH
Ms. Weston
11/24/09

2. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Both Lincoln and Douglas were senatorial candidates for Illinois in Election of 1858.
Series of debates where Lincoln showed his powerful speaking strategy relying mainly on logic
Even though Douglas won the election, these debates still made Lincoln known to the American public.
Began to emerge as a potential presidential candidate

3. John Brown’s Raid
John Brown—radical abolitionist, already responsible for attacks on slaveowners in “Bleeding Kansas”
In 1859, with money from abolitionists, organized a crew of men to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA and kill slaveowners.
Seven innocent people killed, including a free black person
Brown was captured by US Marines and executed

4. Effects of John Brown’s Raid
Was a martyr to abolitionists in the North
To the South, he was a lunatic and proof that the people of the North were ready to launch violent attacks on the South and slavery.

5. Election of 1860
Democratic party divided among Douglas, pro-slavery Breckinridge, and a more moderate John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)
Republicans nominated Lincoln—opposed extension of slavery into new territory
Southerners predicted that a Lincoln victory would split the union

6. Election of 1860 ctnd. Lincoln won
Minority and sectional candidate—60% of the voters chose another candidate, and not one Southern state voted for him
South not really badly off—still had majority on Supreme Court, and Democratic control of Senate and House, federal government couldn’t touch slavery unless a constitutional amendment.

7. Secession! South Carolina first to go
During next six weeks, six other states follwed: Alabama, Miss, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas
Eventually would be 11 total
Called themselves Confederate States of America
Elected Jefferson Davis as president

8. Secession ctnd. President Buchanan did little to stop secession
Surrounded by pro-Southern advisers
No authority in constitution to stop them
PUBLIC OPINION IN NORTH AGAINST USING VIOLENCE
Crittenden Compromise—last attempt at compromise
Slavery prohibited north of 36, 30 but would be federally protected South
LINCOLN REJECTED—against spread of slavery

9. Lincoln takes office
In inaugural address, calls secession impossible—physically speaking Union can’t separate.
Affirms that he will work to protect the union.
Secession led to many questions--how would they divide national debt, territories.

10. Fighting begins at Fort Sumter (1861)
Issue of federal forts in the South
Lincoln sends force to provision the Fort, not reinforce it.
South still saw as act of aggression, fired on fort.
Electrified North, ready to fight.
Lincoln begins to raise army, seven more states secede.

11. The Key Border States
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia—all slave states
ASSETS: Large populations, manufacturing capacity, Ohio River.
Lincoln used force to keep Border States
Lincoln: “I hope to have God on my side but I have to have Kentucky.”
Used legally dubious means to keep border states—including est. martial law

12. Not a War to End Slavery!
Lincoln’s key goal was to preserve the Union, needed to keep pro-slavery border states happy.
Native American tribes with slaves (esp. Cherokee) supported the Confederacy, other sided with North.
Brothers’ War—some Southern soldiers went North to join Union army and vice versa.
Some families separated by fighting.

13. Southern Advantages Had to fight a defensive war
Had more talented military officers
Ordinary Southerners bred to fight.

14. Southern Disadvantages
Shortages of food and supplies—often because of transportation problems
Weak economy
Northern blockade of sea devastated South

15. Billy Yank and Johnny Reb
Similarities: Most had been farmers, native-born, young, common patriotic spirit. Dull routine of camp life
Differences: Northern soldiers more literate, intellectual and practical while Southerners were more emotional, religious and playful. Northerners adapted easier to discipline of army.

16. The South Loses Foreign Help
Everyone expected Europe to help South—way to harm America.
In the end, Britain and other countries not as dependent on King Cotton as had thought—had built up surplus stock. Also, needed to respond to people’s sympathy for North.
If anything, begin importing more wheat from North—trade disrupted with South but continues with North.

17. Northern Crises With Britain
Europe wants to take advantage of America’s problems
Trent affair—US stops a British ship carrying Confederate diplomats.
British were building Confederate commerce-raiders—Alabama
Some Northerners talked of getting revenge on Canada.

18. Foreign Flare-ups
Further conflicts with Britain over Confederate warships—Laird rams. Americans threaten war so Britain bought for themselves.
Northerners raid Canada British unified Canada in 1867 as protection.
Napoleon tried to install puppet dictator, Maximilian, in Mexico. US stopped with threats after Civil War.

19. Weaknesses of Confederate Government
Constitution couldn’t deny secession to its own states—not unified, states mostly focused on states-rights
Jefferson Davis not popular

20. Lincoln Violates Constitution
Saw this as necessary to protect Union
Proclaimed a blockade and increased size of army without Congress’ approval
Suspended privilege of habeas corpus—protects individuals from unfair imprisonment.
Called for “supervised” voting in Border States

21. First Conscription Law
1863—Conscription Law passed in North—first nation-wide draft in history.
Unfair to the poor—rich could buy their way out of the draft
Much opposition—riot in New York by Irish-Americans
In South—conscription even earlier—1862.

22. Northern Economy Stayed Stable
Excise taxes and income taxes
Protective Tariff
Issued greenback money, but also earned money through increased borrowing
Established National Banking System—unified banking system, could issue sound money and bonds.

23. Southern Economy Suffered
Blockade hurt
States righters against tariffs and taxes
Printed lots of paper money—runaway inflation

24. Growth of Northern Economy
New factories
Increased prices
First millionaires
New inventions and innovations: sewing machines and standardized sizes, mechanical reapers, petroleum gushers

25. Women and the Civil War
New job opportunities with men gone—government and industrial workers
Women involved in fighting—disguised as men, or worked as spies
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell—organized US Sanitary Commission to help Union armies on field

26. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
Devastated economy, hurt transportation, used up all supplies
“Cotton capitalism had lost out to industrial capitalism”